23andMe Reference Populations & Regions

The Ancestry Composition Report uses two types of reference populations to uncover your ancestry:

• Regional populations that represent ancestry from several hundred years ago. These reference populations are used to generate your ancestry percentages.
• Genetic Group and Country Match populations that represent where your more recent ancestors may have lived.

Our regional populations are based on reference datasets representing 78 populations. When selecting these 78 reference populations, we attempted to make the population or geographic region represented by each dataset as specific and granular as possible. We experimented with different groupings of country-level populations to find combinations that we could distinguish between. There are some populations that are inherently difficult to tell apart, typically because the people in those regions mixed throughout history or have a shared history, or we might not have had enough data to tell them apart. As we obtain more data, populations will become easier to distinguish, and we will be able to report on more populations in the Ancestry Composition Report.

The 78 Ancestry Composition regional populations are organized in a hierarchy, which reflects the genetic structure of global populations. For example, "Scottish" is a part of "British & Irish", which is part of "European".

Country Matches and Genetic Groups may reflect specific locations where your ancestors likely lived during the last few hundred years, or may reflect shared ancestry with groups of people who identified as belonging to a certain ethnic group or sharing some other form of connection. Country Matches and Genetic Groups typically represent ancestry on a more recent timescale than what is reflected by your population percentages. These results are noted in each of the regional populations, below. You can learn more about Country Matches and Genetic Groups here. Currently, there are 4500+ Country Matches and Genetic Groups in the Ancestry Composition Report.

The global populations available in Ancestry Composition are:

• European
• Central & South Asian
• Indigenous American
• East Asian
• Sub-Saharan African
• Western Asian & North African
• Melanesian

Go to your Ancestry Composition Report

European

Ashkenazi Jewish

Ashkenazi Jewish people settled in Central and Eastern Europe in the late Middle Ages, but their modern descendants remain genetically more similar to other Jewish populations than to their European neighbors, reflecting shared western Asian origins. In the twentieth century, many Ashkenazi Jewish people immigrated to Israel or to the Americas in search of greater cultural and religious acceptance. Today, over five million ethnic Ashkenazi Jewish people live in the U.S.

Although not a country or region, they have their own reference population in Ancestry Composition because Ashkenazi Jews are so genetically distinct.

The Ashkenazi Jewish population has the following Genetic Groups:

• Belarusian Jews
• Lithuanian Jews
• Western European Jews
• Southeastern Polish Jews
• Eastern Polish and Western Ukrainian Jews
• West Central Ukrainian Jews
• Central European and Western Ukrainian Jews

British & Irish

The British Isles have been continuously occupied by humans for the last 11,000 years, but more recently, the people of the Isles have left their genetic fingerprints around the world, following centuries of nautical exploration, colonization, and immigration. In the early 20th century, the Republic of Ireland won its independence from the United Kingdom, but the people of these nations share a common genetic heritage rooted largely in Celtic, Anglo-Saxon, and Viking migrations from northwestern Europe.

The British & Irish population has the following Country Match:

• Guernsey

English

The English population has the following Country Matches and Genetic Groups:

• United Kingdom (England)
• Central North Midlands
• Cumbria
• East Anglia
• Lancashire
• Lancashire and West Yorkshire
• North Central England
• North East England
• Northern England and Southern Scotland
• Northern West Midlands
• South England
• South England, South West England, and East Anglia
• South West England
• West Lancashire and Merseyside
• West Midlands
• West Yorkshire
• Yorkshire, Humberside and the East Midlands

Irish

The Irish population has the following Country Matches and Genetic Groups:

• Republic of Ireland
• Central and Northern Ireland
• Central and Southern Ireland
• Donegal
• Galway
• Galway and Central Ireland
• Mayo
• North Central Ireland
• Northern Munster
• Southern Leinster
• Southern Munster
• Southwest Munster

Scottish

The Scottish population has the following Genetic Groups:

• United Kingdom (Scotland)
• Grampian
• Northeastern Coastal Scotland
• Northern Ireland and Central Scottish Lowlands
• Northern Isles
• Northern and Central Scotland
• Scottish Highlands and Western Islands
• Scottish Lowlands and Southern Uplands

Welsh

The Welsh population has the following Genetic Group:

• United Kingdom (Wales)

Central & Eastern European

The genetic heritage of Central and Eastern Europe traces back to peoples living southeast of the Baltic Sea and to a more recent influx of Slavic-speaking peoples from north of the Black Sea. While the region’s diverse populations—Baltic, Slavic, Finno-Ugric, and others—retain distinct linguistic and cultural identities, their histories have been shaped by overlapping empires. In recent decades, significant migration from the region has further extended this shared heritage around the world.

Belarusian, Polish & Ukrainian

The Belarusian, Polish & Ukrainian population has the following Country Matches and Genetic Groups:

• Belarus
• Poland
• Ukraine
• Ashmyany Upland
• Augustów Plain
• Belarusian Dnieper River Basin
• Beskid Sądecki
• Central Beskidian Piedmont
• Czarny Dunajec River Basin
• Dnieper Lowland
• Dniester and Upper Tisza River Basins
• Eastern Mazovia
• Eastern Sandomierz Basin
• Gdańsk Pomerania
• Gorce and Tatra Mountains
• Halychyna
• Knyszyn Basin
• Kurpie Plain
• Lesser Poland Upland
• Lower Biebrza River Basin
• Lower Dunajec River Basin
• Lower Narew River Basin
• Lublin Upland
• Middle Biebrza Basin
• Minsk Upland
• Narew and Biebrza River Basins
• Northern Sandomierz Basin
• Northwestern Mazovia
• Orava-Nowy Targ Basin
• Podhale
• Podillia and Dnieper Uplands
• Podlachia
• Polesian Lowland
• Pripet Marshes
• Ptsich River Basin
• Roztochia Upland
• Sluch River Basin
• Sokólskie Hills
• Spisz
• Suwalszczyzna
• Suwałki Lakeland
• Upper Narew River Basin
• Upper Narew Valley
• Upper Neman River Valley
• Upper Silesia and Łęczyca-Sieradz Land
• Upper Sozh River Basin
• Upper Vistula River Basin
• Vistula and Wieprz River Basins
• Wielkopolska and Pomerelia

Czech, Hungarian, Slovak & Southern Polish

The Czech, Hungarian, Slovak & Southern Polish population has the following Country Matches and Genetic Groups:

• Czech Republic
• Hungary
• Slovakia
• Bohemia
• Branisko Mountains
• Brno Highlands
• Central Pannonian Basin
• Chřiby
• Drahanská Vrchovina
• Eastern Carpathians and Upper Tisza River Basin
• Eastern Slovak Flat
• Hostýn-Vsetín Mountains
• Košice Basin
• Křižanov Highlands
• Little Hungarian Plain
• Low Tatras
• Malá Fatra and Northern Danubian Lowland
• Moravia
• Moravian-Silesian Beskids
• Myjava Hills
• North Hungarian Mountains
• Northern Bohemian-Moravian Highlands
• Northwestern Bohemia
• Olza River Basin
• Orava
• Ore Mountains
• Prague Plateau
• Slovak-Moravian Carpathians
• Spiš
• Sudetes Mountains
• Transdanubia
• Třeboň Basin
• Upper Váh River Basin
• Veľká Fatra and Danubian Hills
• Western Slovakia
• Zala River Basin
• Zemplín
• Ľubovňa Highlands
• Šariš
• Ždánice Forest
• Žilina Basin

Estonian

The Estonian population has the following Country Matches and Genetic Groups:

• Estonia
• Northern Estonia
• Pärnu Bay and Sakala Upland
• Põltsamaa River Basin
• Väinameri Sea
• Võromaa

Latvian

The Latvian population has the following Country Matches and Genetic Groups:

• Latvia
• Courland
• Latgale and Selonia
• Vidzeme and Semigallia

Lithuanian

The Lithuanian population has the following Country Matches and Genetic Groups:

• Lithuania
• Aukštaitija
• Jūra River Basin
• Lower Neris River Basin
• Merkys River Basin
• Nemunas Loops
• Nevėžis River Basin
• Samogitia
• Samogitian Upland
• Sudovian Upland
• Suvalkija and Dzūkija
• Upper Šešupė River Basin

Russian

The Russian population has the following Country Matches and Genetic Groups:

• Russia
• Central Russian and Volga Uplands
• Central Ural Mountains
• Chuvashia
• Doukhobors
• Kama River Basin
• Lower Chusovaya River Basin
• Lower Kama River Basin
• Lower Tobol and Vyatka River Basins
• Middle Volga Region
• Molokans
• Mordvins
• Pechora and Northern Dvina River Basins
• Sheksna River Basin
• Southern Ural Foothills
• Udmurtia
• Unzha and Pyshma River Basins
• Upper Izh and Iset River Basins
• Upper Volga Region
• Upper Vyatka River Basin
• Vepsian Upland and Valdai Hills
• Volga-Ural Region

Slovenian

The Slovenian population has the following Country Matches and Genetic Groups:

• Slovenia
• Inner Carniola
• Kočevje Region
• Krka River Basin
• Ljubljana Basin
• Lower Carniola
• Mirna Valley and Dry Carniola
• Primorska
• Rinza Valley
• Slovenian Sava River Basin
• Styria and Prekmurje
• Upper Carniola

Greek & Balkan

The Balkan Peninsula is nestled in the southeastern corner of Europe and serves as the geographic and genetic crossroads between Europe and western Asia. Despite broad cultural and religious diversity, the people of the Balkans are genetically similar to one another, descending from early Mediterranean and Slavic peoples. Island Greeks lack this ancestral Slavic influence and are similar to southern Italians.

Albanian & Macedonian

The Albanian & Macedonian population has the following Country Matches and Genetic Groups:

• Albania (central and southern counties)
• North Macedonia
• Albanian Ionian Coast
• Baba Mountain and Prespa Valley Albanians
• Black Drin River Basin
• Central Albania
• Lake Ohrid Basin
• Mount Bistra
• Osogovo and Belasica Mountains
• Pelagonia Valley
• Polog Valley
• Prespa Valley Macedonians
• Southern Albania

Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin & Serbian

The Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin & Serbian population has the following Country Matches and Genetic Groups:

• Bosnia and Herzegovina
• Croatia
• Montenegro
• Serbia
• Bosna River Basin
• Dinara Mountains
• Drina River Basin
• Eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina
• Great Morava River Basin
• Herzegovina Region
• Neretva River Basin
• Northern Bosnia
• Northern Croatian Islands
• Southern Dalmatia
• Southern Pannonian Basin and Northern Dinaric Alps
• Una River Basin
• Western Croatia and Southern Slovenia

Bulgarian, Moldovan & Romanian

The Bulgarian, Moldovan & Romanian population has the following Country Matches and Genetic Groups:

• Bulgaria
• Moldova
• Romania
• Apuseni Mountains
• Arges River Basin
• Bukovina
• Bulgarian Black Sea Coast
• Bulgarian Mountains
• Bîc River Basin
• Central Moldavian Plateau
• Danubian Plain
• Dobruja and Prut River Basin
• Ialomița River Basin
• Lower Răut River Basin
• Lower Suceava River Basin
• Maritsa River Basin
• Moldavian Plain
• Moldavian Plateau
• Northeastern Carpathian Mountains
• Northern Balkan Foothills
• Northern Moldova
• Oltenian Plateau
• Someș River Valley
• Székely Land
• Târnave Plateau
• Western Moldavia

Greek

The Greek population has the following Country Matches and Genetic Groups:

• Greece
• Aegean Islands
• Chios
• Cyclades
• Eastern Crete
• Greater Attica
• Ikaria and Patmos
• Ionian Islands
• Kefalonia
• Kos and Kalymnos
• Lesbos and North Aegean Islands
• Messinian Gulf
• Northern Peloponnese
• Parnon Mountains
• Pindus Mountains
• Rhodes and Karpathos
• Southern Peloponnese
• Tripoli Plateau
• Western Crete
• Western Macedonia

Kosovar & Northern Albanian

The Kosovar & Northern Albanian population has the following Genetic Groups:

• Albania (northern counties)
• Montenegrin Malësia
• Prokletije Highlands
• Shkodër Lowlands and the Albanian Alps
• Southern Adriatic Coast
• Southern Dinaric Alps

Italian & Maltese

The peoples of Italy and Malta descend from a complex blend of ancient populations. Italy, inhabited for more than 30,000 years, was a crossroads of the Mediterranean and was shaped by the rise and fall of the Western Roman Empire and later migrations from Germanic, Greek, North African, and Western Asian peoples. Malta—strategically located between Europe and North Africa—has been shaped by Phoenician, Roman, Arab, Norman, and Italian influences, reflecting its long history as a center of maritime exchange.

Maltese

The Maltese population has the following Country Matches and Genetic Groups:

• Malta
• Malta and South Central Sicily

Northern Italian

The Northern Italian population has the following Country Matches and Genetic Groups:

• Italy (northern regions)
• Adige River Basin
• Central Arno Basin
• Central Ligurian Apennines and Western Emilia-Romagna
• Central Lombardian Prealps
• Central Po Valley
• Corsica and Southern France
• Dolomites Region
• Friuli-Venezia Giulia
• Garda Mountains
• Marche and the Central Adriatic Coast
• Modena and Reggio Emilia
• Northeastern Venetian Plain
• Northern Po Valley
• Northwestern Po Valley
• Northwestern Venetian Plain
• Southeastern Po Valley
• Southern Venetian Plain
• The Valtellina
• Western Arno Basin and Magra Valley
• Western Great Pre-Alpine Lakes
• Western Gulf of Genoa and the Monregalese
• Western Po Valley

Sardinian

The Sardinian population has the following Genetic Groups:

• Campidano Plain and Gennargentu Mountains
• Coghinas, Mannu, and Temo Basins
• Northeastern Sardinian Highlands

Southern Italian

The Southern Italian population has the following Genetic Groups:

• Italy (southern regions)
• Calabrian Serre
• Campanian Valley
• Central Sicily
• Eastern Bari
• Eastern Messina
• Eleuterio Basin
• Foggia
• Gulf of Termini Imerese
• Gulfs of Palermo and Castellammare
• Irpinia Region
• Isthmus of Catanzaro
• L'Aquila
• La Sila
• Latin Valley
• Lucanian Apennines
• Molise
• Mount Etna and the Simeto Basin
• Northern Gulf of Naples
• Northern Trapani
• Pescara and Vomano Valleys
• Platani Basin
• Ragusa Hyblaean Plateau
• Salento Peninsula
• Sangro River Valley
• Sciacca Verdura Basin
• Southern Calabrian Apennines
• Southern Gulf of Naples
• Southern Trapani
• Syracuse Hyblaean Plateau
• Vibo Valentia Peninsula and Gioia Tauro Valley
• Volturno Valley and the Matese
• Western Bari
• Western Messina and the Aeolian Islands

Nordic

Nordic peoples share deep cultural and historical ties, even as distinct regional identities have taken shape over time. The people of Norway, Sweden, Denmark, and Iceland largely descend from medieval North Germanic tribes who settled around the North Sea, shaping a common linguistic and genetic heritage often associated with Scandinavia. In contrast, Finns trace their roots to Finno-Ugric-speaking populations, whose language and ancestry are distinct from their Scandinavian neighbors.

The Nordic population has the following Country Match:

• Faroe Islands

Danish

The Danish population has the following Country Matches and Genetic Groups:

• Denmark
• East Jutland
• Hovedstaden, Sjælland, and Fyn
• Northern Denmark
• Southern Denmark
• West Jutland

Finnish

The Finnish population has the following Country Matches and Genetic Groups:

• Finland
• Helsinki and Southern Finland
• Karelia
• Lapland, Northern Ostrobothnia and Kainu Region
• Ostrobothnia and Central Ostrobothnia
• West-Central Coast of Finland

Icelandic

The Icelandic population has the following Country Matches and Genetic Groups:

• Iceland
• Northern Iceland
• Southern Iceland and Reykjavik Region
• Western Iceland

Norwegian

The Norwegian population has the following Country Matches and Genetic Groups:

• Norway
• Arctic Norway
• Boknafjord Lowlands
• Northwestern Norwegian Fjords
• Oslofjord Lowlands
• Southern Norwegian Coastal Plains
• Trondheim Fjord Region
• Western Fjords

Swedish

The Swedish population has the following Country Matches and Genetic Groups:

• Sweden
• Central Götaland
• Eastern Norrland
• Eastern Svealand and southern Norrland
• Northwest Götaland
• Skåneland
• Western Svealand

Spanish & Portuguese

The genetic landscape of the Iberian Peninsula – represented today by the people of Spain and Portugal – was influenced by several Mediterranean civilizations, including 800 years of Arabic North African rule. Now, a small North African genetic signature is present in Spanish & Portuguese DNA, and over eight percent of Spanish words carry Arabic origins. Conquistadors from Portugal and Spain colonized parts of Africa, Oceania, and the Americas, and this ancestry is now relatively common in Latino peoples from Central and South America.

Andalusian, Asturian & Castilian

The Andalusian, Asturian & Castilian population has the following Country Matches and Genetic Groups:

• Spain (central and southern regions)
• Aragon, La Rioja, and Navarre
• Badajoz and Córdoba
• Cantabria
• Castile and León
• Central Asturias
• Eastern Andalusia
• Eastern Asturias
• Eastern La Mancha
• Granada
• Huelva, Seville, and Badajoz
• Madrid and North Central Spain
• Madrid and South Central Spain
• Malaga
• Murcia
• Salamanca
• Southern Andalusia
• Western Asturias

Aragonese & Catalan

The Aragonese & Catalan population has the following Genetic Groups:

• Spain (eastern region)
• Balearic Islands, Alicante, and Southern Valencia
• Catalonia
• Valencia and Castellón

Basque

The Basque population has the following Genetic Groups:

• Spain (Basque Country and Navarre)
• Basque of Alava, Gipuzkoa, and Western Navarre
• Basque of Biscay
• Basque of Gipuzkoa
• Basque of Southwestern France
• Eastern Navarre

Canary Islander

The Canary Islander population has the following Genetic Groups:

• Spain (Canary Islands)
• Canary Islands

Portuguese & Galician

The Portuguese & Galician population has the following Country Matches and Genetic Groups:

• Portugal
• Spain (Galicia)
• Aveiro
• Central and Eastern São Miguel Island
• Central and Southern Portugal
• Estremadura
• Flores, Corvo, and Graciosa Islands
• Guarda and Viseu
• Madeira
• Minho and Vila Real
• Northern Galicia
• Pico and Faial Islands
• Porto
• Santa Maria Island
• Southwestern Galicia
• São Jorge Island
• Terceira Island
• Western Galicia
• Western São Miguel Island

Western European

Western Europeans descend from ancient Celtic and Germanic populations and inhabit an area extending from the Netherlands to Austria.

Austrian & Southern German

The Austrian & Southern German population has the following Country Matches and Genetic Groups:

• Austria (eastern states)
• Germany (eastern and southern states)
• Baden-Württemberg and Bavarian Swabia
• Black Forest
• Carnic and Gailtal Alps
• Central Swabia
• Eastern Austrian plains
• Eastern Bavarian Highlands
• Eastern German Plains
• Greater Allgäu
• Greater Güssing
• Karawanks
• Lower Franconia
• Main River Basin
• Mur Valley and Salzburg
• Oberösterreich and the Danube Valley
• Rhine-Main region
• Saxony and the Thuringian Basin
• Southeastern Bavaria
• Upper and Middle Franconia
• Vienna and Northeast Austria
• Volga Germans
• Western Austrian Alps

Belgian, Rhinelander & Southern Dutch

The Belgian, Rhinelander & Southern Dutch population has the following Country Matches and Genetic Groups:

• Belgium
• Luxembourg
• Germany (western states)
• Netherlands (southern provinces)
• East Flanders and western Flemish Brabant
• Guttland
• Noord-Brabant and Limburg
• Rhine-Ruhr Region
• Rhineland
• The Campine
• Wallonia and the southern Campine
• West Flanders and the Upper Scheldt

Dutch & Northern German

The Dutch & Northern German population has the following Country Matches and Genetic Groups:

• Netherlands (central and northern provinces)
• Germany (northwestern states)
• Central East Netherlands
• Elbe-Weser Triangle
• Friesland and western Groningen
• German Jutland
• Groningen and northern Drenthe
• North Holland Peninsula
• Northern Germany
• Northwestern German Plain
• Russian Mennonites
• The Ruhrgebiet, Teutoburg Forest and the Westphalian Highlands
• Utrecht and Gelderland
• Westphalian Lowlands
• Zeeland and South Holland
• Zuidvleugel and Groene Hart

French

The French population has the following Country Matches and Genetic Groups:

• France
• Switzerland (western cantons)
• Artois and French Flanders
• Brittany
• Caen, Upper Normandy and Pas-de-Calais
• Central Brittany
• Corsica and Southeastern France
• Corsican Highlands
• Forez and East Central Auvergne
• French Low Countries
• Gascony and French Basque Country
• Limousin and Northern Aquitaine
• Lorraine and the Upper Rhine Valley
• Lower Brittany
• Lower Normandy
• Massif Central and Eastern Aquitaine Basin
• Moselle and Alsace
• Normandy and northern Pays de la Loire
• Northern Pays de la Loire
• Northern Pyrenees and Garonne River Basin
• Northern Rhône-Alps
• Paris Basin
• Rhône and Upper Loire Valleys
• Rhône-Alps and Provence
• Saint-Etienne, Ardèche, and Upper Loire
• Savoy and the Jura Mountains
• Southern Massif Central and Languedoc Coastal Plain
• Southern Pays de la Loire
• The Cévennes
• Upper Brittany
• Upper Garonne and Northwest Aquitaine
• Vosges and Southern Lorraine
• Walloon Flanders and French Hainaut
• Western Massif Central and Occitanie

Swiss, Southwestern German & Western Austrian

The Swiss, Southwestern German & Western Austrian population has the following Country Matches and Genetic Groups:

• Switzerland (central and eastern cantons)
• Austria (central and western states)
• Bernese Alps
• Central Swiss Plateau
• Grisons
• Lake Lucerne
• Limmat Valley and Schaffhausen
• Lucerne, Kleine Emme Valley, and Seetal
• Muota Valley
• Northeastern Aare Basin
• Pennine Alps
• Thur Valley and Appenzell
• Ticino and Jura
• Western Swiss Plateau

East Asian

Japanese

The Japanese Archipelago, composed of a whopping 6,852 islands, was colonized by multiple waves of immigrants beginning as early as 30,000 BCE. Modern Japanese people can trace most of their ancestry to the Stone Age Jōmon and late Stone Age Yayoi cultures. Yayoi DNA is concentrated in the center of Japan, while Jōmon ancestry persists to the north and south among the culturally distinctive Ainu and Ryukyuan peoples.

The Japanese population has the following Country Match:

• Japan

The Japanese population has the following Genetic Groups:

• Chūgoku and northern Shikoku
• Kii Peninsula
• Miyako-jima
• Nagasaku Bay and Yokatsu Islands
• Northern Honshu and Hokkaido
• Northern Kyūshū
• Okinawan West Coast
• Ryūkyū Arc
• Southern Kyūshū
• Southern Okinawa
• Yamaguchi and western Hiroshima
• Yambaru

Korean

The Korean peninsula was first inhabited by hunter-gatherers who were genetically similar to Stone Age peoples living near the Amur River in eastern Russia. These early Koreans were later joined by Bronze Age rice farmers from southern China or Vietnam. By the 10th century, Korea was politically and culturally unified and remained so until the establishment of a communist north and a democratic south after the Second World War. Although North and South Koreans are politically divided, they remain genetically similar to one another.

The Korean population has the following Country Matches:

• North Korea
• South Korea

The Korean population has the following Genetic Groups:

• Gyeonggi
• Honam
• Honam Plain
• Jeju Island
• Lower Yeongsan River Basin
• Mudeungsan
• Naejangsan and Haenam Peninsula
• Nakdong River Basin
• Nam River Basin
• North-Central Korean Peninsula
• Northern Sobaek Mountains
• Southern Sobaek Mountains
• Southwestern Korean Coast
• Yeongnam

Chinese

Northern Chinese & Tibetan

Around 10,000 years ago — long after humans first reached East Asia’s inland plateaus and temperate Pacific coast — people of the Cishan culture began to domesticate millet in China’s Yellow River basin. Descendants of these farmers later founded one of the world's most enduring civilizations and transformed the genetic landscape of East Asia. Although northern Chinese and Tibetan people share ancestry dating back more than 2,000 years, Tibetans also carry the genetic legacy of indigenous Tibetan hunter-gatherers. Individuals with “Northern Chinese & Tibetan” ancestry in their Ancestry Composition results may have ancestry from one or both of these populations.

The Northern Chinese & Tibetan population has the following Country Match:

• Mainland China (northern provinces)

The Northern Chinese & Tibetan population has the following Genetic Groups:

• Bohai Sea
• Hai and Liao River Basins
• Luan and Songhua River Basin
• North and Northeast China Plains
• Shandong and Liaodong Peninsulas
• Southern Tibetan Plateau
• Taihang Mountains
• Yangtze River Delta

Southern Chinese & Taiwanese

People of the Shangshan culture near the lower Yangtze began to domesticate rice around 10,000 years ago, and their genetic legacy was likely carried by their descendants as far away as Madagascar and the remote Pacific. Rice remains at the center of southern Chinese agriculture, but the ancestry of southern Chinese people was transformed by the expansion of early northern dynasties. Although these migrations pulled the diverse peoples of southern China toward a shared genetic identity with their northern neighbors, a distinct, southern ancestry still predominates from Sichuan to Shanghai. The large majority of Taiwanese people also share this ancestry, after centuries of migration from the Chinese mainland.

The Southern Chinese & Taiwanese population has the following Country Matches:

• Mainland China (southern provinces)
• Taiwan

The Southern Chinese & Taiwanese population has the following Genetic Groups:

• Changle District
• Chaoshan Region
• Gan and Xiang River Basins
• Greater Taishan Region
• Hong Kong–Shenzhen Region
• Jiao River Basin
• Lower Min River Basin
• Luoyuan Bay
• Min River Estuary
• Northern Fujian Coast
• Northern Taiwan
• Ou River Basin
• Sichuan Basin
• Southeastern China Coast
• Southwestern Taiwan and Penghu Islands
• Taichung Basin
• Taipei Basin
• Taiwan Strait
• Wenzhou Coastal Plains
• Wugui Mountain Region
• Zhuoshui and Dajia River Basins

Southern Coastal Chinese

By comparing the DNA of thousands of rice cultivars, Chinese scientists identified the Pearl River system as the most likely location of the world’s earliest rice domestication. Just as it once connected ancient farming societies and the southern Yue states, the Pearl River system now links millions of people in South China, from Nanning to Guangzhou and Hong Kong. A unique genetic signature can be found across the region, despite the southward expansion of the Han dynasty around 2,000 years ago. Cantonese and Taishanese—Yue dialects from the Pearl River delta—are still widely spoken among descendants of 19th and early 20th-century South Chinese immigrants around the world.

The Southern Coastal Chinese population has the following Country Match:

• Mainland China (south provinces)

The Southern Coastal Chinese population has the following Genetic Groups:

• Central Guangdong Coast
• Guangdong Coast
• Guanghai Bay
• Hainan
• Hong Kong
• Lower Dong River Basin
• Northern Guangzhou
• Northern Jiangmen
• Northern Pearl River Delta
• Northern Taishan
• Pearl River Delta
• Southern Jiangmen
• Western Pearl River Delta
• Zhongshan–Zhuhai Coast
• Hmong and Iu Mien peoples
• Hmong Daw people
• Iu Mien people
• Mong Leng people
• Shan people

Chinese Dai

The Dai people of southern China belong to the larger Tai ethnolinguistic group that currently lives in parts of China, Burma, Laos, Vietnam, and Thailand. In China, the Dai are one of over 50 officially recognized ethnic minority groups, and are united by unique cultural traditions anchored in Dai folk religion or Buddhism. Most Chinese Dai live in southern and western Yunnan Province, and are genetically more similar to their Vietnamese neighbors than they are to the Han Chinese.

The Chinese Dai population has the following Genetic Groups:

• Hongshui River Basin
• Southern Guangxi
• Xishuangbanna
• Yong River Basin
• You River Basin
• Zuo River Basin
• Pa Sak River Basin
• Tai Dam and Tai Lü peoples
• Tai Lü people
• Thai Lue

Vietnamese

Present-day Vietnam was the cradle of one of the world’s earliest civilizations, and one of the world’s first regions to develop rice-based agriculture. A tropical country on the Indochinese Peninsula, Vietnam is bordered by China to the north and by Laos and Cambodia to the west. The country has 54 ethnic groups, the largest being the Kinh, who make up more than 85% of the population.

The Vietnamese population has the following Country Match:

• Vietnam

The Vietnamese population has the following Genetic Groups:

• Cấm River Basin
• Central Vietnamese Coast
• Đà Nẵng Bay
• Đào River Basin
• Đáy River Basin
• Eastern Mekong Delta
• Gành Rái Bay
• Hạ Long Bay
• Hương River Basin
• Lower Cầu River Basin
• Lower Saigon River Basin
• Mekong Delta and Southeastern Vietnam
• Nhà Bè River Basin
• Nha Trang Bay
• North-Central Vietnamese Coast
• Northern Vietnam
• Red River Delta and Northeast Coast
• South-Central Vietnamese Coast
• Southeastern Vietnamese Coast
• Southern and Central Vietnam
• Southern Red River Delta
• Southwestern Red River Delta
• Tam Đảo foothills
• Thạch Hãn River Basin
• Thị Nại Lagoon
• Thu Bồn River Basin
• Trà Lý River Basin
• Tràng An Landscape Complex
• Trường Giang River Basin
• Vân Phong Bay
• Xuân Đài Bay

Filipino & Austronesian

Many indigenous Filipinos, including the Aeta, Batak, and Mamanwa peoples, are likely descended from one of the earliest dispersals of modern humans out of Africa. However, most Filipinos can trace their ancestry to a much more recent and widespread migration of Southeast Asian seafarers related to the indigenous people of Taiwan. Today, this genetic signature – called “Austronesian” (meaning “southern island”) – is common across the islands of the Pacific, from the Philippine Sea to Hawaii, and can be found as far away as Madagascar.

The Filipino & Austronesian population has the following Country Matches:

• Philippines
• Guam
• American Samoa
• Samoa
• Tonga
• Northern Mariana Islands
• Madagascar
• Palau
• Micronesia

The Filipino & Austronesian population has the following Genetic Groups:

• Aklanon people
• Atayal people
• Bicolano people
• Bicolanos from Camarines Sur
• Bicolanos from Catanduanes and the Central Bicol Peninsula
• Bicolanos from the Mount Isarog Region
• Bicolanos from the Mount Mayon Region
• Bicolanos from the Southern Bicol Peninsula
• Capiznon and Hiligaynon from North-Central Panay Island
• Carigara Bay
• Cebu Strait Region
• Cebuanos from Southern Leyte Island
• Cebuanos from the Southern Tañon Strait
• Cebuanos from the Western Bohol Sea
• Central Luzon
• Central Pangasinan
• Central Range Cordillera
• Eastern Lingayen Gulf
• Eastern Zambales Foothills
• Hiligaynon and Karay-a from Southern Panay Island
• Hiligaynon from Southern Panay Island
• Hiligaynon from the East-Central Panay Coast
• Hiligaynon from the Iloilo Strait Region
• Hiligaynon Heartland
• Ibaloi from the Benguet Uplands
• Ibaloi people
• Iban people
• Ilocanos from Bacarra
• Ilocanos from Batac
• Ilocanos from Ilocos Sur
• Ilocanos from Northwestern Luzon
• Ilocanos from Padsan River Basin
• Ilocanos from San Nicolas
• Ilocanos from the Abra River Basin
• Ilocanos from the Bacarra River Basin
• Ilocanos from the Badoc River Basin
• Ilocanos from the Central Ilocos Coast
• Ilocanos from the Eastern Zambales Foothills
• Ilocanos from the Ilocos Sur Coast
• Ilocanos from the Lower Abra River
• Ilocanos from the Lower Tarlac River Basin
• Ilocanos from the Northern Central Luzon Plain
• Ilocanos from the Northern Zambales Mountain Region
• Ilocanos from the Southern Zambales Coast
• Ilocos Norte
• Indigenous Peoples of the Cordillera
• Kadazan-Dusun people
• Kankanaey from Besao and Sagada
• Kankanaey from the Upper Chico River Basin
• Kankanaey from Western Kalinga
• Kapampangan people
• Kapampangans from Northeastern Manila Bay
• Kapampangans from the Southern Central Luzon Plain
• Karay-a and Hiligaynon from Western Panay Island
• Lake Bato Region
• Lower Agno River Basin
• Macajalar Bay
• Mactan Island
• Northeastern Cebu Coast
• Northeastern Cebuano Heartland
• Northern Bicol Region
• Northern Catanduanes
• Northern Cebu Island
• Northern Ilocos Region
• Northern Luzon
• Northern Samar Island
• Northern Siquijor
• Northwestern Cebuano Heartland
• Panay and Negros Islands
• Panay Gulf
• Pangasinan people
• Pangasinan Plain
• Pangasinense from San Carlos
• Pangasinense from the Northern Central Luzon Plain
• Pangasinense from the Southern Lingayen Gulf
• Paoay Sand Dunes Region
• Romblon Region
• Sambals from Masinloc-Oyon Bay Region
• Sambals from the Bucao River Basin
• Sogod Bay
• Sorsogon Bay
• South-Central Cebu Island
• South-Central Samar Island
• Southeastern Cebu Coast
• Southeastern Panay Island
• Southeastern Tagalog Heartland
• Southern Catanduanes
• Southern Cebu Island
• Southern Ilocos Region
• Southern Negros Island
• Southern Siquijor
• Southern Tagalog Heartland
• Southwestern Cebu Coast
• Southwestern Zambales Foothills
• T'boli Homeland
• Tagalogs from Balayan Bay
• Tagalogs from Batangas Bay
• Tagalogs from Central Quezon
• Tagalogs from Eastern Manila Bay
• Tagalogs from Laguna de Bay
• Tagalogs from Lamon Bay
• Tagalogs from Lopez Bay
• Tagalogs from Marinduque
• Tagalogs from Marinduque and Tayabas Isthmus
• Tagalogs from Polillo Island
• Tagalogs from Southeastern Laguna de Bay
• Tagalogs from Southern Manila Bay
• Tagalogs from Taal Lake
• Tagalogs from Tagaytay Ridge
• Tagalogs from Tanay
• Tagalogs from Taytay
• Tagalogs from the Atimonan River Basin
• Tagalogs from the Cavite Coastal Plain
• Tagalogs from the Lower Pampanga River Basin
• Tagalogs from the Malepunyo Range
• Tagalogs from the Morong River Basin
• Tagalogs from the Mount Banahaw Region
• Tagalogs from the Northeastern Manila Bay
• Tagalogs from the Northern Cavite Coastal Plain
• Tagalogs from the Southeastern Manila Bay
• Tagalogs from the Southern Sierra Madre
• Upper Agno River Basin
• Visayans from Bohol Island
• Visayans from Northern Panay Island
• Visayans from the Bohol Sea Region
• Visayans from the Eastern Bohol Sea
• Visayans from Western Bohol
• Visayas and Mindanao
• Waray from Central Samar Island
• Waray from Marabut and Llorente
• Waray from Northeastern Leyte Island
• Waray from Northern Leyte Island
• Waray from San Juanico Strait Region
• Waray from Southeastern Samar Island
• Waray from Southern Samar Island
• Waray people
• Western Bohol Sea
• Western Cordillera Central Foothills
• Western Luzon Coast
• Western Mountain Province
• Western Pangasinan
• Western Visayas Region and Southern Luzon
• Zambales Coast
• Zambales Mountains
• American Samoa
• Central Hawaiian Islands
• Central Palau
• Central Tongatapu
• Chamorro people
• Chamorros and Carolinians from the Northern Mariana Islands
• Chamorros from Guam
• Chamorros from Northern Guam
• Chamorros from Rota
• Chamorros from Saipan and Tinian
• Chamorros from Southern Guam
• Chuuk Lagoon
• Chuukese and Yapese peoples
• Chuukese people
• Eastern Tonga
• Eastern Tongatapu
• Haʻapai and Vavaʻu Islands
• I-Kiribati
• Island of Hawaiʻi and Maui
• Kauaʻi and Oʻahu
• Kosrae Island
• Manuʻa Islands
• Marshallese and Eastern Micronesian peoples
• Marshallese people
• Maui
• Micronesian peoples
• Northern Palau
• Northern Tonga
• Palauan people
• Pohnpei Island
• Pohnpeian and Kosraean peoples
• Polynesian peoples
• Samoa
• Samoan people
• South Pacific Islander peoples
• Southern Hawaiian Islands
• Southern Palau
• Tongan and Fijian peoples
• Tutuila Island
• Upolu Island
• Western Tonga
• Western Tongatapu
• Yapese people
• Minahasan people

Indonesian, Thai, Khmer & Myanma

From Myanmar to Indonesia, the people of Southeast Asia are genetically diverse, reflecting the legacies of several migrations beginning over 40,000 years ago. More recently, the region has been heavily influenced by Hindu, Buddhist, and Islamic cultures. Before its fall in the fifteenth century, the Khmer empire – encompassing modern-day Thailand, Laos, and Cambodia – was the largest land empire in the region’s history.

The Indonesian, Thai, Khmer & Myanma population has the following Country Matches:

• Cambodia
• Indonesia
• Malaysia
• Myanmar
• Thailand
• Laos

The Indonesian, Thai, Khmer & Myanma population has the following Genetic Groups:

• Annamite Range Region
• Ayeyarwady Delta
• Bandung Basin Region
• Batak peoples
• Bolaven Plateau
• Brunei Bay
• Central Barisan Mountains
• Central Cambodian Mekong River Basin
• Central Java Chinese Indonesians
• Central Java and Madura
• Central Khorat Plateau
• Central Lao people
• Central Strait of Malacca Coast
• Central Tenasserim Hills
• Central West Sumatra Coast
• Cham people
• Chao Phraya River Basin
• Chi River Basin
• Chin (Zomi) peoples
• Chinese Indonesian peoples
• Dong Phaya Yen Mountains Region
• Dâmrei Mountains Region
• Dângrêk Mountains Region
• Eastern Bay of Bangkok
• Eastern Gulf of Martaban Coast
• Eastern Java Chinese Indonesians
• Falam people
• Greater Padang
• Gulf of Thailand Southern Coast
• Gunung Liman Region
• Hakha people
• Hậu River Delta
• Indonesian and Malay peoples
• Isan people
• Jakarta Bay Chinese Indonesians
• Javanese and Sundanese peoples
• Kachin peoples
• Kadazan-Dusun and Iban peoples
• Karen people
• Kayah people
• Khmer Krom people
• Khmer people
• Khorat Plateau
• Kra Isthmus
• Lao and Thai peoples
• Lower Cambodian Mekong River Basin
• Lower Mekong River Region
• Lower Muar River Basin
• Lusi River Basin
• Madura Strait Coast Chinese Indonesians
• Malagasy peoples
• Malay, Batak, and Minangkabau peoples
• Manado Bay
• Manado Bay North Shore
• Manuk River Basin
• Mauritian peoples
• Mekong Lowlands
• Middle Mekong River Basin
• Minangkabau people
• Mongkol Borey River Basin
• Mount Merapi Region
• Mount Merbabu Region
• Mount Muria Region Chinese Indonesians
• Mount Slamet Region Chinese Indonesians
• Mount Sumbing and Mount Sindoro Region
• Mount Ungaran Region
• Mount Ungaran Region Chinese Indonesians
• Mun River Basin
• Myanma peoples
• Nakai Plateau
• Nam Ngum River Basin
• North-Central Annamite Range Region
• Northeastern Peninsular Malaysia Coast
• Northern Bay of Bangkok
• Northern Borneo
• Northern Khmer people
• Northern Lake Tondano Basin
• Northern Lao people
• Northern Luang Prabang Range Region
• Northern Minahasa Peninsula
• Northern Strait of Malacca Coast
• Northern Tenasserim Hills
• Northwestern Borneo
• Nyaw people
• Parahyangan Region
• Pattani Coast
• Peoples of Lower Myanmar
• Phnom Chisor Region
• Phnom Penh Region
• Rade and Jarai peoples
• Réunionnais and Seychellois peoples
• Réunionnais peoples
• Sakon Nakhon Basin
• Salween River Delta
• Sangkae River Basin
• Sankamphaeng Range Region
• Seychellois peoples
• Singapore
• Songkhla Lake
• South-Central Khmer people
• Southeastern Myanmar
• Southern Andaman Coast and Phuket
• Southern Cambodian Coast
• Southern Cambodia–Vietnam Border
• Southern Khmer people
• Southern Khorat Basin
• Southern Lao people
• Southern Malay Peninsula
• Southern Phnom Penh Region
• Southern Strait of Malacca Coast
• Southern Sumatra
• Southern Thai people
• Sreng River Basin
• Tangkuban Perahu Region
• Tedim people
• Tonlé Sap Northern Shore
• Tonlé Sap Region
• Tonlé Sap River Basin
• Tonlé Sap Southern Shore
• Tonlé Sap and Mekong Confluence
• Upper Bassac River Basin
• Vientiane Plain
• Western Dângrêk Mountains Region
• Western Java
• Western Java Chinese Indonesians
• Western Khmer people
• Western Tonlé Sap Region

Northern Asian

Northern Asian ancestry reflects a history of rapid, widespread human migrations across the vast Central Asian plains, and along the plateaus and waterways of Siberia.

Manchurian & Mongolian

The Manchurian and Mongolian population includes ethnolinguistic minorities like the Daur people — who speak a language related to Mongolian — and the Oroqen people, who speak a Tungusic language and live near the Amur River basin. These groups reside at the juncture of the Central Asian plains, boreal forests, and the Gobi Desert. Linguistically distinct but genetically similar, Mongolian and Manchurian peoples generally practice shamanism and Tibetan Buddhism.

The Manchurian & Mongolian population has the following Country Match:

• Mongolia

The Manchurian & Mongolian population has the following Genetic Groups:

• Dzhida River Basin
• Eastern Gobi Desert
• Eastern Mongolian Steppe
• Gobi Altai Mountains
• Lake Khövsgöl and Ider River Basin
• Lower Selenge River Basin
• Mongolian Altai Mountains
• Northern Great Lakes Depression
• Northern Lake Baikal
• Orkhon River Basin
• Southern Great Lakes Depression and Suman River Basin
• Southwestern Lake Baikal
• Transbaikal Region
• Tuul River Basin and Southern Khangai Mountains
• Western Khangai Mountains
• Zavkhan River Basin

Siberian

Many ethnolinguistic groups call the northern reaches of Asia home. Among them are the Yukaghir, the Nganasan, and the Turkic-speaking Yakuts, who migrated North and East from southern Siberia between 700-900 years ago to escape encroaching raiders. Today, the Yakuts are a large ethnic minority in northeastern Siberia and share genetic similarities with other indigenous groups in the region including the Evenks, Evens, and Buryats. Indigenous Siberians are often well adapted to climate extremes, as they face some of the largest annual temperature fluctuations in the world.

Broadly Northern Asian

Northern Asian ancestry reflects a history of rapid, widespread human migrations across the vast Central Asian plains, and along the plateaus and waterways of Siberia. Genetic markers associated with northern Asian ancestry may be relics of these far-reaching migrations, and cannot be confidently assigned to a specific region or group.

Broadly East Asian

From the expansive plains of central Asia to the islands of eastern Indonesia, the people of East Asia share genetic similarities dating back to the arrival of humans in the region over 40,000 years ago. Broadly East Asian DNA – likely driven in part by the spread of agriculture within the last few thousand years – matches several specific populations and is difficult to assign to just one.

Indigenous American

Indigenous American

Since time immemorial, humans have called the Americas home, from the wind-battered islands of southern Patagonia to the gently rolling tundra of the North American Arctic. Humans may have lived in North America alongside now-extinct mammoths and giant sloths as early as 23,000 years ago, if not before. But DNA evidence suggests that major migrations into the Americas from northeast Asia began around 16,000 years ago, and it was these later migrations that gave rise to most present-day Indigenous American ancestry. Despite drastic population losses over the past 500 years resulting from colonialism, the genetic legacy of the First Peoples of the Americas persists to this day.

Arctic North American

The Arctic North American population includes the following Genetic Group:

• Alaska

Central Andean & Amazonian

The Central Andean & Amazonian population includes the following Genetic Groups:

• Bolivian Amazon
• Guaraní
• Mapuche of Chile
• Northern Peruvian Andes and Chira Valley
• Peruvian Amazon Basin
• Quechua and Aymara peoples
• Southern Peruvian Andes and Andean Plateau
• The Argentine Chaco and Pampas
• Tupí-Guaraní speakers
• Northeastern Brazilian Plateau
• Southern Brazilian Highlands
• Venezuelan Coastal Range
• Northern Venezuelan Andes and the Maracaibo Basin
• Southern Venezuelan Andes

North American

The North American population includes the following Genetic Groups:

• Columbia River Basin
• Great Basin & Lower Colorado Basin
• Great Lakes and Canada
• Northeast
• Plains
• South Central
• Balsas River Basin — Central Guerrero
• Balsas River Basin — Huitzuco
• Balsas River Basin — North Guerrero
• Balsas River Basin — Southwest Puebla
• Balsas River Basin — Tierra Caliente
• Balsas River Basin — West Guerrero
• East Central Mexico
• Isthmus of Tehuantepec — Oaxaca
• La Mixteca
• La Mixteca — North
• Mexican diasporic ancestry in the Marianas
• Mexican Volcanic Cordillera — Citlaltépetl and Tehuacán
• Mexican Volcanic Cordillera — East Central
• Mexican Volcanic Cordillera — South Central
• Mexican Volcanic Cordillera — Veracruz
• Mexican Volcanic Cordillera — West
• Mexican Volcanic Cordillera — West Central
• Mexican Volcanic Cordillera — West Puebla
• Mixtec
• Nahua
• Northern Mexican Plateau
• Otomí
• Plains of Northeastern Mexico
• Purépecha
• Sierra Madre del Sur — Coast
• Sierra Norte of Oaxaca
• Sonoran Desert
• Upper Santiago River Basin
• Valley of Oaxaca — Ejutla
• Valley of Oaxaca — Tlacolula
• West Central Mexico
• Zapotec

Northern Andean

The Northern Andean population includes the following Genetic Groups:

• Northern Ecuadorian Andes
• Southern Ecuadorian Andes
• Southern Ecuadorian Coast

Southern Mesoamerican

The Southern Mesoamerican population includes the following Genetic Groups:

• Altiplano Cundiboyacense of Colombia
• Central American Volcanic Cordillera — El Salvador
• Central Guatemalan Highlands
• Central Honduran Highlands
• Central Sierra Madres
• Central Valley of Costa Rica
• Chiapas Highlands
• Ch’orti’ of Guatemala and Honduras
• Coclé and West Central Panama
• Coclé and the Azuero Peninsula of Panama
• Colombian Caribbean Coast
• Colombian Central and Western Andes
• Guna Yala and East Central Panama
• Goascorán River Basin and Comayagua Valley
• Maya
• Motagua River Valley and the Eastern Guatemalan Highlands
• Northern Nicaraguan Highlands and Los Maribios
• Northwestern Guatemalan Highlands
• Pacific Lowlands of Western Panama
• West Central Nicaragua — Northeast Cocibolca
• West Nicaragua — Xolotlán and Cocibolca
• Western Guatemalan Highlands
• Western Honduran Highlands
• Yucatán Peninsula

Western North American

The Western North American population includes the following Genetic Group:

• Southwest

Western Asian & North African

Northwest Asian

Roughly bounded by Anatolia in the east to Iran in the west, northern West Asia has a shared genetic heritage going back tens of thousands of years. Domestication of grains and livestock emerged 11,000 years ago in this region, sparking the agricultural revolution that spread to parts of Europe, Africa, and other parts of Asia.

Cypriot

An 11,000-year-old settlement on Cyprus’s southern coast was home to some of the island’s first people who processed grain, made jewelry, and lived with domesticated cats and dogs. By 3,000 years ago, Cypriots were speaking a form of Greek, which remains the language spoken across half of the island, even after long periods of Egyptian, Persian, Venetian, Ottoman, and British rule. In spite of a 1974 attempt to annex Cyprus to Greece and an invasion of the island by Turkish forces in response, most Greek and Turkish-speaking Cypriots remain genetically similar to one another.

The Cypriot population has the following Country Match:

• Cyprus

Anatolian

Anatolia, a fertile peninsula above the eastern Mediterranean, has served as a genetic bridge between Asia and Europe for over 40,000 years. Early Anatolian farmers laid the groundwork for powerful civilizations like the Bronze Age Hittite Empire, followed by centuries of Persian, Greek, and Roman rule. The Eastern Roman Empire, Byzantium, survived in various forms until falling in the 15th century to the Ottoman Turks, who introduced a Central Asian-like genetic signature.

The Anatolian population has the following Country Match:

• Turkey (western regions)

Iranian, Caucasian & Mesopotamian

From Armenians and Assyrians to Kartvelians and Persians, the diverse people of Iran, the Caucasus, Eastern Anatolia, and Mesopotamia share an ancient genetic history dating back to some of the world’s first farmers. Dominated at times by polytheistic, Zoroastrian, Christian, and Islamic beliefs, the region has seen powerful empires come and go. While most of this ancestry is native to western Asia, traces of Central and East Asian-like genetic signatures were introduced as a result of Turkic migrations and the 13th-century Mongol invasion. Today, there are significant Armenian, Iranian, and Assyrian communities around the world, including many in the United States.

The Iranian, Caucasian & Mesopotamian population has the following Country Matches:

• Armenia
• Azerbaijan
• Georgia
• Iran
• Iraq
• Turkey (eastern regions)

Broadly Northwest Asian

Roughly bounded by Anatolia in the east to Iran in the west, Northern West Asia has a shared genetic heritage going back tens of thousands of years. Domestication of grains and livestock emerged 11,000 years ago in this region, sparking the agricultural revolution that spread to parts of Europe, Africa, and other parts of Asia. Broadly northern West Asian DNA matches several specific populations and is difficult to assign to just one.

Arab, Egyptian & Levantine

The region bordering the Red Sea and the eastern Mediterranean has served as an important crossroads of human migration out of Africa over the last 100,000 years. More recently, the Arab conquests of Egypt and the Levant have reinforced this shared genetic heritage.

Peninsular Arab

For over 100,000 years, humans have lived in the Arabian Peninsula — a bridge between Africa and the rest of the world. Around the same time as the rise of dynastic Egypt, a handful of Arabian civilizations and kingdoms emerged, facilitating trade between Africa and Eurasia. But it wasn’t until the birth of Islam in western Arabia that the Arabic language — along with an Arab-like genetic signature — spread across much of western Asia and North Africa. Today, the peninsula is home to over 75 million people and the world’s second largest subtropical desert.

The Peninsular Arab population has the following Country Matches:

• United Arab Emirates
• Bahrain
• Kuwait
• Oman
• Qatar
• Saudi Arabia
• Yemen

Levantine

The Levant — comprising modern-day Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Israel, and Palestine — has been an artery of migration between Africa and Asia for over 100,000 years. By 2,500 years ago, the seafaring Phoenicians of the central Levant, whose script gave rise to most modern alphabets, founded coastal colonies across the Mediterranean. In the centuries since the fall of Phoenicia to the first Persian Empire, the expansions of Islam and the Ottoman Empire have brought additional genetic diversity to the region. Today, though it is common throughout the Levant, this ancestry reaches the highest levels in Lebanon.

The Levantine population has the following Country Matches:

• Jordan
• Lebanon
• Syria

The Levantine population has the following Genetic Groups:

• Aleppo Plateau
• Central Highlands of Palestine
• Central Lebanon Coast
• Central West Syria
• Druze
• Greater Bethlehem
• Greater Damascus and the Orontes River Valley
• Greater Ramallah
• Highlands of Palestine and the Southern Coastal Plain
• Lower Galilee
• Northern Levant
• Northern Levant Coast
• Northwestern Highlands of Palestine and Northern Plain of Sharon
• Northwestern Jordanian Highlands
• Northwestern Lebanon
• Palestine and Israel
• Palestine, Israel & Northwestern Jordan
• Qadisha Valley and Northern Mount Lebanon
• Sawad al-Urdunn and Galilee (Al-Jalil)
• Southern Beqaa Valley and Greater Damascus
• Southern Beqaa Valley Lowlands
• Southern Lebanon
• Southern Plain of Sharon and Central Highlands of Palestine
• The Hauran, Ajloun Mountains, and Mount Lebanon
• Wadi al-Nasara and Homs
• Zahlé and the southern Beqaa Valley Uplands

Egyptian

Ancient Egyptians began harvesting crops over 7,000 years ago along the fertile banks of the Nile, relying on annual floods that were believed to be the tears of the goddess Isis. Following the Dynastic Period, Egypt was ruled at various times by Nubian, Persian, Greek, and Roman empires, though these centuries of foreign rule had little impact on Egyptian DNA. Since the seventh-century Islamic Expansion — which brought additional linguistic and genetic diversity to the Nile River basin — a uniquely Egyptian genetic signature emerged. Today, this ancestry reaches the highest levels near the Nile Delta, but is also found throughout Egypt and in the southern Levant.

The Egyptian population has the following Country Match:

• Egypt

Coptic Egyptian

Making up over 10% of Egypt’s population, Copts are a Christian minority who share an ancient history with non-Coptic Egyptians that predates the first pharaohs. However, after the seventh-century conquest of Egypt by the Rashidun Caliphate, the Christian Copts began to become genetically distinct from the Muslim-majority population, while the Coptic language was replaced by Egyptian Arabic outside of a strictly religious setting. Today, most Copts live in Egypt or Sudan, but there are also large Coptic communities living in the United States, Australia, and Canada.

The Coptic Egyptian population has the following Genetic Group:

• Egypt

Broadly Arab, Egyptian & Levantine

The region bordering the Red Sea and the eastern Mediterranean has served as an important crossroads of human migration out of Africa over the last 100,000 years. More recently, the Arab conquests of Egypt and the Levant have reinforced this shared genetic heritage, making it difficult to assign some DNA to just one population with confidence.

North African

Humans lived along the southern shores of the Mediterranean as early as 300,000 years ago, but the genetic heritage of most North African people today reflects a mixture of North African, southern European, western Asian, and Sub-Saharan ancestry. Today, indigenous North African ancestry peaks in the Berber people of the Maghreb, while the genetic legacy of the Arab conquest of North Africa and the 16th-century expansion of the Ottoman Empire can be found throughout the region as well.

This dataset includes people of Algerian, Libyan, Moroccan, Mozabite, Tunisian descent. We experimented with different groupings of populations to find combinations that we could distinguish with high confidence. As we obtain more data, populations will become easier to distinguish, and we will be able to report on more populations in the Ancestry Composition Report.

The North African population has the following Country Matches:

• Algeria
• Libya
• Morocco
• Tunisia

Broadly Western Asian & North African

The peoples of western Asia and North Africa have deep linguistic and genetic connections with one another, dating back to some of the earliest migrations out of Africa. The spread of Islam in the past 1,400 years has also dramatically shaped the region's more recent genetic landscape, making it difficult to confidently assign some DNA to just one population.

Sub-Saharan African

African Hunter-Gatherer

African hunter-gatherer populations — including the Pygmy and San peoples of central and southern Africa — represent some of the oldest and most genetically distinct branches in the human family tree. The historically semi-nomadic San peoples of the Kalahari and the closely-related Khoe herders in Namibia, Botswana and South Africa, speak languages characterized by click consonants rarely found in other language families. Pygmy peoples of the central African rainforests, on the other hand, have lost their distinct linguistic heritage, but have preserved many unique cultural traditions.

This dataset includes people of Biaka Pygmies, Mbuti Pygmies, or San descent. At this time, this dataset cannot be broken down further because the people in those regions mixed throughout history or have shared history, or we might not have had enough data to tell them apart. As we obtain more data, populations will become easier to distinguish, and we will be able to report on more populations in the Ancestry Composition Report.

The African Hunter-Gatherer population has the following Genetic Groups:

• Mbuti people
• Baka and Biaka people

Congolese & Southern East African

Starting around 3,000 years ago, Bantu speakers carried metallurgy and agriculture from the highlands of Nigeria and Cameroon in two major streams – one southward and one eastward – resulting in ancestry that transcends geopolitical borders. “Bantu” is a term widely used to describe the largest of Africa’s ethnolinguistic families.

Angolan & Congolese

Beginning around 3,000 years ago, the genetic tapestry of the western Congo basin was transformed by the influx of Bantu-speaking peoples from the highlands of what is today Nigeria and Cameroon. More recently, Bantu speakers in the western Congo region established the historical Kingdom of Kongo, which flourished for over 500 years until its collapse at the hands of colonial powers in 1914. Today, Bantu-speaking peoples (such as the Kongo, Teke, Mbochi, and Sangha) are significant majorities in the countries bordering the Congo River.

The Angolan & Congolese population has the following Country Match:

• Congo (the Democratic Republic of the)

The Angolan & Congolese population has the following Genetic Groups:

• Bamiléké and Bayangi peoples
• Bamiléké people
• Bayangi people
• Bemba people
• Bioko
• Chewa and Ndebele peoples
• Fang people
• Kete and Kuba peoples
• Khoisan, Shona & Nguni peoples
• Kom and Nso peoples
• Kongo and Mbundu peoples
• Kongo from Cabinda
• Kongo from southern Mayombe
• Kongo from the Congo River Estuary
• Koongo people
• Laari people
• Luba and Kuba peoples
• Luba, Lulua, and Kete peoples
• Lulua and Luntu peoples
• Lulua and Sankuru River Basins
• Lulua people
• Malagasy peoples
• Mbundu (Ambundu) people
• Mendankwe-Nkwen peoples
• Meta from the Northwest Grassfields
• Mungaka-speaking peoples of the Northwest Cameroon Grassfields
• Peoples of the Barotse Floodplain and Matabeleland
• Seychellois
• Shona and Ndebele from the Zimbabwe Highveld
• Shona from Harare
• Shona from Mashonaland East
• Shona from Southern Mashonaland
• Shona from the Eastern Highlands
• Shona from the Southern Midlands
• Shona people
• Sotho people
• Sotho-Tswana and Zulu peoples
• Swati and Zulu peoples
• Tetala people
• Widikum people
• Xhosa people
• Zulu people
• Zulu, Xhosa, and Swati peoples
• ǂKhomani San

Southern East African

Within the last 3,000 years, metallurgy and agriculture arrived in Southern East Africa with the migration of Bantu-speaking peoples from the highlands of what is today Nigeria and Cameroon. The historical center of this Eastern Bantu migration lies in the African Great Lakes region that runs along the Western edge of Kenya and Tanzania. Today, the largest ethnic groups in Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda all speak Bantu languages.

The Southern East African population has the following Country Matches:

• Kenya
• Rwanda

The Southern East African population has the following Genetic Groups:

• Abagusii people
• Baganda and Banyarwanda from Lakes Kivu and Victoria
• Baganda and Haya from the Lake Victoria Basin
• Baganda and Soga from Lakes Kyoga and Victoria
• Baganda people
• Baganda, Luhya, and Luo peoples
• Bantu-speaking peoples from the Kilimanjaro and Lake Victoria Regions
• Banyarwanda and Nkole from the Virunga Mountains Region
• Banyarwanda from the Lake Kivu Region
• Chaga people
• Greater Nairobi Region
• Kamba and Meru peoples
• Kamba from the Mbooni Hills
• Kamba from the Southeastern Rift Valley
• Kikuyu and Kamba peoples
• Kikuyu from Kiambu
• Kikuyu from Mount Kenya
• Kikuyu from the Aberdare Range
• Lango people
• Luhya from the Mount Elgon Region
• Luo from Homa Bay
• Luo from the Kakamega Forest Region
• Luo from Winam Gulf
• Luo people
• Maragoli people
• Nkole people
• Peoples of the Northwestern African Great Lakes Region
• Rundi and Banyarwanda from the Akanyaru River Basin
• Rundi from the Lake Tanganyika Region
• Rundi peoples
• Soga people
• Swahili-speakers from Winam Gulf

Broadly Congolese & Southern East African

Starting around 3,000 years ago, Bantu speakers carried metallurgy and agriculture from the highlands of Nigeria and Cameroon in two major streams – one southward and one eastward – resulting in ancestry that transcends geopolitical borders. “Bantu” is a term widely used to describe the largest of Africa’s ethnolinguistic families. Likely as a result of these rapid and widespread expansions across Central and Eastern Africa, it is difficult to assign a specific location within Sub-Saharan Africa to some chromosomal segments with a high degree of confidence.

West African

For over a millennium before European colonization and the Atlantic slave trade, West Africans were united under a series of powerful empires, resulting in broad similarities in music, clothing, art, and cuisine. A gradient of genetic similarity extending from Senegal to Nigeria reflects a richly complex population history in a region home to over 350 million people who form hundreds of distinct ethnic groups.

The West African population has the following Country Matches:

• Cameroon
• Mauritania

Ghanaian, Liberian & Sierra Leonean

A continuum of genetic diversity stretches from Senegal to Nigeria, but the people of the coastal countries above the Gulf of Guinea — Sierra Leone, Liberia, Côte d’Ivoire, and Ghana — share a genetic similarity distinct from neighboring regions. The Temne people, who constitute the largest group in Sierra Leone, call this region home, as do the Mende people, who reside across West Africa. In neighboring Côte d’Ivoire and Ghana, the Akan peoples predominate.

The Ghanaian, Liberian & Sierra Leonean population has the following Country Matches:

• Ghana
• Liberia
• Sierra Leone

The Ghanaian, Liberian & Sierra Leonean population has the following Genetic Groups:

• Americo-Liberian people
• Ashanti and Fante peoples
• Ashanti from Greater Kumasi
• Ashanti from Lake Bosumtwi
• Ashanti from the Central Kwahu Plateau
• Ashanti from the Northern Kwahu Plateau
• Ashanti from the Upper Anum River Basin
• Ashanti from the Upper Ofin River Basin
• Ashanti people
• Bassa people
• Dangme people
• Ewe and Ga-Dangme peoples
• Ewe from the Northern Volta Region
• Ewe from Togo and the Volta Region
• Ewe people
• Fante people
• Ga people
• Grebo people
• Kpelle people
• Krahn people
• Mende and Kono peoples
• Mende from Bo
• Mende from southeastern Sierra Leone
• Mende from the Lower Mano River Basin
• Mende from the Lower Moa River Basin
• Mende, Gola, and Kissi peoples
• Mende, Temne, and Kru peoples
• Temne and Limba from the Rokel River Basin
• Temne from Central Sierra Leone
• Temne from Freetown
• Temne from Northwestern Sierra Leone
• Zarma people

Senegambian & Guinean

The people of Senegal, The Gambia, Guinea, and Guinea-Bissau share many traditions related to the history of powerful empires in the region. In The Gambia, the Mandinka people are the largest group, with historical roots along the Niger River basin, while the Wolof people form the majority in neighboring Senegal. In Guinea and Guinea-Bissau the Fulani people predominate, and may have subtle genetic links to North Africa or western Asia. In the 18th century, around 400,000 people from this region were enslaved and transported to the Americas; nearly 50,000 disembarked in the United States alone.

The Senegambian & Guinean population has the following Country Matches:

• Guinea
• Cape Verde
• Gambia
• Senegal

The Senegambian & Guinean population has the following Genetic Groups:

• Balanta people
• Cape Verdeans
• Cape Verdeans from Boa Vista and Santiago
• Cape Verdeans from Brava
• Cape Verdeans from Fogo
• Cape Verdeans from Santiago
• Cape Verdeans from São Nicolau
• Cape Verdeans from São Vicente and Santo Antão
• Cape Verdeans from the Barlavento Islands
• Cape Verdeans from the Sotavento Islands
• Fula and Hausa peoples
• Fula from Fouta Djallon
• Hausa and Fula from Northern Nigeria
• Mandinka from the Senegambian Coast
• Mandinka people
• Soninke people
• Wolof from the Cap-Vert Peninsula
• Wolof from the Grande Côte
• Wolof from the Petite Côte
• Wolof from the Saloum Delta Region
• Wolof people
• Wolof, Fula, Hausa, and Mandinka peoples

Nigerian

Nigeria’s population is the largest in Africa and one of the most diverse, with over 250 ethnic groups. The country's arid north is home to people of mostly Hausa and Fulani descent, while the Yoruba people are concentrated in the southwest, the Ijaw people in the tropical south, and the Igbo people in the southeast. As much as two thirds of African-Americans' Sub-Saharan DNA may trace back to Nigerian ancestors, due to the disproportionate impact of the Atlantic slave trade on the people of the region.

The Nigerian population has the following Country Match:

• Nigeria

The Nigerian population has the following Genetic Groups:

• Central Esan and Urhobo
• Central Igbo
• Eastern Igbo and Ibibio peoples
• Eastern Yoruba
• Ebira people
• Edo and Esan peoples
• Edo people
• Esan from Ekpoma
• Esan from Uromi
• Etsako people
• Ibibio people
• Igbo from Central Anambra
• Igbo from Ebonyi
• Igbo from Enugu
• Igbo from Imo
• Igbo from Mbaise
• Igbo from Ogwashi-Ukwu
• Igbo from Ohafia and Abiriba
• Igbo from Onitsha
• Igbo from Owerri
• Igbo from Southern Anambra
• Igbo from Southern Enugu
• Igbo from Southwestern Anambra
• Igbo from the Aba River Basin
• Igbo from the Imo River Basin
• Igbo from the Lower Anambra River Basin
• Igbo from the Lower Niger River Basin
• Igbo from the Njaba River Basin
• Igbo from the Okigwe Hills
• Igbo from the Southern Awka-Orlu Uplands
• Igbo from the Udi-Nsukka Plateau
• Igbo from the Upper Imo River Basin
• Igbo from the Upper Otamiri River Basin
• Igbo from Umuahia
• Igbo people
• Ika people
• Isekiri people
• Isoko people
• Kalabari and Ogoni people
• North-central Yoruba
• Northeast Igbo
• Northeastern Yoruba
• Northwest Igbo
• South-central Yoruba
• Southern Yoruba
• Southwestern Yoruba
• Ukwuani, Aboh, and Ndoni peoples
• Urhobo and Isekiri peoples
• Urhobo people
• Yoruba from Ibadan
• Yoruba from Ilesa
• Yoruba from Osun
• Yoruba from Oyo and Western Ekiti
• Yoruba from Southeastern Oyo
• Yoruba from the Oba River Basin
• Yoruba from the Osun River Basin
• Yoruba people

Broadly West African

For over a millennium before European colonization and the Atlantic slave trade, West Africans were united under a series of powerful empires, resulting in broad similarities in music, clothing, art, and cuisine. A gradient of genetic similarity extending from Senegal to Nigeria reflects a richly complex population history in a region home to over 350 million people who form hundreds of distinct ethnic groups. Broadly West African DNA may match several populations, making it difficult to assign to just one.

Northern East African

Northeast Africa, which here spans from Sudan in the northwest to Ethiopia and Somalia in the southeast, is home to both Afro-Asiatic and Nilo-Saharan ethnolinguistic groups. The entire region has a rich history of genetic and cultural exchange between indigenous East Africans and immigrants from the Arabian Peninsula.

Ethiopian & Eritrean

Despite recent conflict, Eritreans and Ethiopians were united under the powerful Kingdom of Aksum for almost 1,000 years until its collapse in 940 CE, and their DNA reflects that shared history. The region has also served as a crossroads between Africa and the Arabian Peninsula for tens of thousands of years. Today, most Ethiopians and Eritreans have both East African and Arabian ancestry and speak Afro-Asiatic languages, including Oromo, Tigrinya, Arabic, and Amharic.

The Ethiopian & Eritrean population has the following Country Matches:

• Ethiopia
• Eritrea

The Ethiopian & Eritrean population has the following Genetic Groups:

• Amhara and Oromo from the Blue Nile River Basin
• Amhara and Oromo from the Mount Choqa Region
• Amhara and Oromo peoples
• Amhara from Addis Ababa
• Amhara from Southern Lake Tana
• Amhara from the Akaki River Basin
• Amhara from the Awash River Basin
• Amhara from the Bishoftu Volcanic Field
• Amhara from the Entoto Mountains
• Amhara from the Mugar River Basin
• Amhara from the North-Central Ethiopian Highlands
• Amhara from the Rift Valley–Ethiopian Highlands Transition Region
• Amhara from the Southeastern Ethiopian Highlands
• Amhara from the Upper Awash River Basin
• Amhara from the Upper Blue Nile River Basin
• Amhara from the Western Ethiopian Rift Valley
• Baro River Basin
• Bilen from the Anseba River Basin
• Gurage and Amhara from Central Ethiopia
• Hadiya and Kambaata peoples
• Harari people
• Oromo and Amhara from Ahmar Mountains and Mount Choqa
• Oromo from Ambo and Welega
• Oromo from the Arsi Mountains
• Oromo from the Eastern Hararghe Highlands
• Saho from the Northern Red Sea Region
• Sidama people
• Tigrayan and Saho peoples
• Tigrayans from the Adwa Mountains
• Tigrayans from the Northeastern Ethiopian Highlands
• Tigrigna-speakers from Adi Quala
• Tigrigna-speakers from the Anseba and Upper Mereb River Basins
• Tigrinya and Bilen peoples
• Tigrinya and Tigrayans from the Upper Mereb River
• Tigrinya from Greater Asmara
• Tigrinya from Mendefera and Asmara
• Tigrinya from Southern Eritrea
• Tigrinya from the Northern Eritrean Highlands
• Tigrinya-speakers from the Emba Soira Region
• Welayta people

Somali

Most ethnic Somalis live in Somalia, Ethiopia, Kenya, or Djibouti, and speak Somali — a member of the larger Cushitic language family spoken from southern Egypt to northern Tanzania. While united by strong religious traditions rooted in the spread of Islam from the Arabian Peninsula, almost all ethnic Somalis harbor ancient ancestral roots in northern east Africa and share genetic similarities with other Cushitic-speaking groups, like the Oromo people of Ethiopia. With a deep history of pastoralism, many Somalis continue to rely on goat, sheep, camel, and cattle herding for their subsistence.

The Somali population has the following Country Match:

• Somalia

The Somali population has the following Genetic Groups:

• Bravanese people
• Central Somali Coast
• Central Somalia
• Eastern Hawd Plateau
• Eastern Somalia
• Ga'an Libah Mountains
• Jubba and Lower Shebelle River Basins
• Mudug Plain
• Nugaal Plateau
• Nugaal Valley
• Ogaden Plateau
• Somaliland
• Somalis from Galkayo
• Somalis from Galmudug
• Somalis from Gebilay
• Somalis from Hargeisa
• Somalis from Mount Shimbiris
• Somalis from Northeastern Ethiopia
• Somalis from the Awdal Region
• Somalis from the Galguduud Region
• Somalis from the Marodi Jeh Region
• Somalis from the Mudug Region
• Somalis from the Sanaag Region
• Somalis from the Sool Region
• Somalis from the Togdheer River Basin
• South-Central Somalia
• Western Hawd Plateau
• Western Somaliland

Sudanese

Sudan and South Sudan share a distinct genetic heritage dating to early agricultural civilizations, including the Nubian Kingdoms of Kush and Meroë that once flourished along the banks of the upper Nile. Today, the people of Sudan and South Sudan are ethnically diverse, following a long history of intermarriage between indigenous East Africans and migrants from the Arabian peninsula. However, this Arabian genetic legacy is less common in the south of the region.

The Sudanese population has the following Country Matches:

• Sudan
• South Sudan

The Sudanese population has the following Genetic Groups:

• Bayuda Desert Region
• Darfur Plateau
• Dinka people
• Kakwa and Bari in South Sudan
• Nubian peoples
• Nuer and Dinka peoples
• Nuer people
• Southeastern Sudan
• White Nile–Blue Nile Confluence

Broadly Northern East African

Northeast Africa, which here spans from Sudan in the northwest to Ethiopia and Somalia in the southeast, is home to both Afro-Asiatic and Nilo-Saharan ethnolinguistic groups. The entire region has a rich history of genetic and cultural exchange between indigenous East Africans and immigrants from the Arabian Peninsula. As a result of both ancient and recent migrations within the region, broadly Northeast African DNA may be difficult to assign to a specific location.

Broadly Sub-Saharan African

The genetic diversity of Sub-Saharan Africa reflects both the deep history of humans in the region and the recent migrations that have carried people from western Africa to both southern and eastern Africa. As a result of this ancient and complex population history, it is difficult to assign some DNA to a specific population within Sub-Saharan Africa.

Central & South Asian

Central Asian, Northern Indian & Pakistani

The people of northern India, Pakistan, and Central Asia have a shared genetic history influenced by the southward migration of peoples from Central Asia around 4,000 years ago.

Bengali & Northeast Indian

The people of Bangladesh and northeast India share an ancient genetic history in the region where the Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers meet. Tens of thousands of years ago, hunter-gatherers arrived from the west. Later migrations of Austro-Asiatic, Tibeto-Burman, Dravidian, and Indo-European-speaking groups brought additional genetic and linguistic diversity to the region. Compared to other South Asian populations, the people of Bangladesh and northeast India generally have more East Asian ancestry, reflecting the region’s role as a genetic crossroads.

The Bengali & Northeast Indian population has the following Country Matches:

• Bangladesh
• India (northeastern regions)
• Nepal

The Bengali & Northeast Indian population has the following Genetic Groups:

• Bengal Basin
• Surma-Meghna River Basin

Central Asian

For thousands of years, Central Asian peoples have lived at the crossroads between eastern and western Eurasia, and their genetics reflect that history. Bounded by the Caspian Sea and China’s Taklamakan desert, the region has seen the empires of Alexander the Great, Genghis Khan, and Soviet Russia come and go. Today, Central Asia is home to over 100 million people, and their DNA contains varying degrees of similarity to East Asian, South Asian, or western Asian peoples.

The Central Asian population has the following Country Matches:

• Afghanistan
• Kazakhstan
• Kyrgyzstan
• Tajikistan
• Turkmenistan
• Uzbekistan

The Central Asian population has the following Genetic Group:

• Tarim Basin

Gujarati Patidar

Gujarati Patidars are members of a genetically distinct community from western India who descend from primarily agricultural and merchant classes. (Patel is the most common last name in this community and is related to the name Patidar, which means landowner). Over the centuries, as Patidars married within their community, a distinctive genetic heritage developed. Today, people with the last name Patel represent around 15% of the population of Gujarat and almost 10% of people of Indian descent in the United States.

The Gujarati Patidar population has the following Genetic Group:

• Kutch Peninsula

Northern Indian & Pakistani

Today, around one-seventh of the world’s people live along or near the basins of the Indus and Ganges Rivers. Most northern Indian and Pakistani people speak Indo-European languages brought to the region from Central Asia around 4,000 years ago during the decline of the Indus Valley civilization. More recently, this region was home to a series of powerful empires, including the Sikh, Gupta, and Mughal empires.

The Northern Indian & Pakistani population has the following Country Matches:

• India (northern regions)
• Pakistan

The Northern Indian & Pakistani population has the following Genetic Groups:

• Central Himalayan Foothills
• Doaba
• Ganges-Yamuna Doab
• Jhelum and Chenab River Basins
• Kashmir
• Kathiawar Peninsula
• Khyber Pass
• Lower Indus River Valley
• Lower Narmada River Basin
• Majha
• Malwa Plains
• North Gujarat Plains
• Northern Deccan Plateau and Middle Ganga Plain
• Parsis in Western India
• Punjab Plains
• Rachna Doab
• Sindh Sagar Doab
• South Gujarat Plains
• Western Himalayan Foothills

Southern South Asian

The genetic similarity within southern South Asia may be due in part to migrations of Dravidian-speaking peoples within the past few thousand years.

Malayali Subgroup

Home to the Malayali (meaning “people of the mountains”), Kerala has been at the heart of a thriving international spice trade for millennia, becoming one of India’s most diverse and prosperous states. This genetic signature reaches high levels among Christian communities who live in Kerala, a large number of whom immigrated to the United States during the last century.

Southern Indian & Sri Lankan

Humans first arrived in Sri Lanka and the southern states of India as early as 70,000 years ago. Within the past two millennia, southern India saw great Hindu kingdoms come and go, including the Chola and Chera Dynasties as well as Vijayanagar — whose capital, Hampi, was among the largest cities of the medieval world. This genetic signature may be related to the spread of Dravidian languages, although the majority of Sri Lankans now speak Sinhalese, an Indo-European language.

The Southern Indian & Sri Lankan population has the following Country Matches:

• Sri Lanka
• India (southern regions)
• Mauritius

The Southern Indian & Sri Lankan population has the following Genetic Groups:

• Central Deccan Plateau
• Chettinad
• Kerala Plains
• Konkan Coast
• Krishna and Godavari Deltas
• Lower Tapti River Basin
• Northeast Sri Lankan Coast
• Northern Kerala Backwaters
• Southern Tamilnad Plains
• Southwestern Coastal Plains
• Southwestern Sri Lanka
• Telengana Plateau
• Tulu Nadu
• Upper Krishna and Tungabhadra Rivers

Southern Indian Subgroup

The marriage restrictions imposed by a millennia-old caste system in India have resulted in a unique genetic landscape. There are many genetic clusters within India formed by caste, including groups in both northern and southern India who identify as Brahmin. Of these many groups, we were able to identify a genetic signature that reaches high levels among people with ancestry from southern India who say they are Brahmin. This group, labeled “Southern Indian Subgroup,” was probably identified in our Ancestry Composition analysis because members of these communities migrated to the United States at higher rates than others and are therefore more genetically represented in the 23andMe customer database. In the future, we hope to identify additional genetic communities within India that are more representative of the population as our database grows.

The Southern Indian Subgroup population has the following Country Matches:

• Sri Lanka
• India (southern regions)

The Southern Indian Subgroup population has the following Genetic Groups:

• Coromandel Coast
• Goa and Kanara
• Karnataka Plateau and Andhra Plains
• Malabar Coast
• North Sahyadri
• Northern Tamilnad Plains
• Tamilnad Uplands
• Upper Kaveri River Basin

Broadly Central & South Asian

Central & South Asia are represented here by diverse populations from India and Sri Lanka in the south to Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan in the north. Some Central & South Asian DNA is difficult to assign confidently to one population and receives a ‘broadly’ designation.

Melanesian

Melanesia was first peopled by seafaring voyagers over 45,000 years ago, when the ancestors of indigenous Australian and Papuan peoples reached Near Oceania from Indonesia. These early Melanesians interbred with a now-extinct hominin species – the Denisovans – and their descendants harbor traces of this ancient encounter in their DNA.

The Melanesian population has the following Country Match:

• Fiji

The Melanesian population has the following Genetic Groups:

• Fijian people
• Melanesian peoples
• Northern and Central Fiji
• Western Fiji

Additional Ancestry Regions

African Diaspora

The African Diaspora population has the following Genetic Groups:

• Afro-descendant Peoples of the ABC Islands
• Antiguan and Barbudan
• Bahamian
• Barbadian
• Afro-descendant Peoples of Bermuda, and Turks & Caicos
• Afro-Cuban
• Dominican (Dominica)
• Afro-Dominican (Dominican Republic)
• Garifuna of Eastern Central America
• Afro-descendant Peoples of the Cayman Islands
• Afro-descendant Peoples of Grenada, St. Vincent, and the Grenadines
• Jamaican
• Montserratian
• Northern Haitian
• Haitian
• Afro-descendant Peoples of the Western Leeward Islands
• Afro-Puerto Rican
• St. Lucian
• Afro-Tobagonian
• African Americans from Amite, Pike and Wilkinson Counties
• African Americans from Andalusia and Boykin
• African Americans from Anderson, Spartanburg and Laurens Counties
• African Americans from Attala and Noxubee Counties
• African Americans from Benton and Panola Counties
• African Americans from Brunswick and Prince George Counties
• African Americans from Bulloch and Effingham Counties
• African Americans from Byron, Ellerslie and Cataula
• African Americans from Caswell, Alamance and Chatham Counties
• African Americans from Center and Hemphill
• African Americans from Charles and Prince George's Counties
• African Americans from Clarke and Lauderdale Counties
• African Americans from Collins and Laurel
• African Americans from Conyers, Social Circle and Adairsville
• African Americans from Crawford, Georgia
• African Americans from Crawford, Mississippi
• African Americans from Crenshaw and Jefferson Counties
• African Americans from Darlington and Chesterfield Counties
• African Americans from East Austin and Giddings
• African Americans from Edgefield, Saluda and Greenwood Counties
• African Americans from Fayette and Titus Counties
• African Americans from Franklin and Lake Providence
• African Americans from Frederick, Carroll and Montgomery Counties
• African Americans from Friars Point
• African Americans from Grapeland, Crockett, and Palestine
• African Americans from Greene and Taliaferro Counties
• African Americans from Greensboro, Georgia
• African Americans from Hall, Habersham and Jackson Counties
• African Americans from Hancock and Washington Counties
• African Americans from Harrison, Smith and Tarrant Counties
• African Americans from Hermanville
• African Americans from Hollister and Arcola
• African Americans from Horry, Marion and Dillon Counties
• African Americans from Houston and Taylor Counties
• African Americans from Itasca
• African Americans from Jackson, Mercer and Denmark
• African Americans from Jasper and Lamar Counties
• African Americans from Jasper and Smith Counties
• African Americans from Jefferson and Yazoo Counties
• African Americans from Kemper and Neshoba Counties
• African Americans from Lavaca and Gonzales Counties
• African Americans from Lee and Franklin Counties
• African Americans from Leflore and Holmes Counties
• African Americans from Lena
• African Americans from Louisa and Hanover Counties
• African Americans from Matagorda and Wharton Counties
• African Americans from McMinnville and Murfreesboro
• African Americans from Mitchell and Baker Counties
• African Americans from Monroe and Escambia Counties
• African Americans from Montgomery and Anderson
• African Americans from Navasota, Huntsville, and Lubbock
• African Americans from Nelson, Amherst and Augusta Counties
• African Americans from Oak Hill
• African Americans from Opelika, La Fayette and Seale
• African Americans from Pickens and Tuscaloosa Counties
• African Americans from Pike and Meriwether Counties
• African Americans from Pinola, Mendenhall and New Hebron
• African Americans from Preston
• African Americans from Red River and Lamar Counties
• African Americans from Scranton, South Carolina
• African Americans from Sharon
• African Americans from Shelby and Perry Counties
• African Americans from Sumter and Lee Counties
• African Americans from Talbot and Harris Counties
• African Americans from Tallahatchie and Jones Counties
• African Americans from Terrell and Randolph Counties
• African Americans from Travis and Henderson Counties
• African Americans from Union Church
• African Americans from Vaughan and Silver City
• African Americans from Wadley and Bartow
• African Americans from Wayne and Wilson Counties
• African Americans from Wilcox County and Mobile Bay
• Albemarle Sound African Americans
• Ark-La-Tex Creoles
• Arkansas West Timberlands African Americans
• Avoyelles Parish Creoles
• Barataria Bay Creoles
• Berkeley County Gullah
• Buckingham County African Americans
• Burke County African Americans
• Cape Fear River Basin African Americans
• Cass County African Americans
• Catawba River Basin African Americans
• Central Alabama Prairie African Americans
• Central Alabama River Basin African Americans
• Central Carolinas Piedmont African Americans
• Central Delmarva Peninsula African Americans
• Central Georgia Fall Line African Americans
• Central Georgia Piedmont African Americans
• Central Kentucky African Americans
• Central Oklahoma African Americans
• Charleston and Sea Islands Gullah
• Chesapeake Bay African Americans
• Chesapeake Bay Western Shore African Americans
• Choptank River Basin African Americans
• Chowan River Basin African Americans
• Clarendon County African Americans
• Clark County African Americans
• Clarke County African Americans
• Coastal Prairie Creoles
• Creoles from St. Landry, Evangeline and Acadia Parishes
• Creoles of Cajun Country
• Dan River Basin African Americans
• Delmarva Peninsula African Americans
• Dodge County African Americans
• Duck River Basin African Americans
• East Central Texas African Americans
• Edisto River Basin Gullah
• False River Basin Creoles
• Florida Parishes Creoles
• Franklin County African Americans
• Freestone County African Americans
• Georgetown County Gullah
• Georgia Coastal Plain African Americans
• Georgia Lower Coastal Plain African Americans
• Georgia Suwannee River Basin African Americans
• Greater Louisville African Americans
• Gwinnett County African Americans
• Hale County African Americans
• Hardeman County African Americans
• Harrison County African Americans
• Hatchie River Basin African Americans
• Hopkins County African Americans
• Lafayette Parish Creoles
• Lexington County African Americans
• Lower Alabama African Americans
• Lower Cahaba Valley African Americans
• Lower Cape Fear African Americans
• Lower Coosa River Basin African Americans
• Lower Pearl River Basin African Americans
• Lower Tar-Pamlico River Basin African Americans
• Lower Tennessee River Basin African Americans
• Lower Tombigbee River Basin African Americans
• Lumber River Basin African Americans
• Macon County African Americans
• Marengo County African Americans
• Marion County African Americans
• Marshall County African Americans
• Martin County African Americans
• Maryland Western Shore African Americans
• Middle Peninsula African Americans
• Middle Tennessee African Americans
• Mississippi River Delta Creoles
• Mobile-Tensaw Delta African Americans
• Montgomery County African Americans
• Muskingum River Basin African Americans
• Natchitoches Parish Creoles
• Navarro County African Americans
• North Carolina Northern Coastal Plain African Americans
• North Carolina Northern Piedmont African Americans
• North Carolina Western Piedmont African Americans
• Northampton County African Americans
• Northern Alabama Wiregrass Region African Americans
• Northern Albemarle Sound African Americans
• Northern Chattahoochee River Basin African Americans
• Northern Chesapeake Bay African Americans
• Northern Delmarva Peninsula African Americans
• Northern Flint River Basin African Americans
• Northern Neck Peninsula African Americans
• Northern Sandhills African Americans
• Ouachita County African Americans
• Pamlico Sound African Americans
• Patuxent River Basin African Americans
• Pearl River Basin African Americans
• Pee Dee River Gullah
• Pennyroyal Plateau African Americans
• Piney Woods Mississippi African Americans
• Pontchartrain Basin Creoles
• Potomac River Basin African Americans
• Rankin County African Americans
• Richmond Basin African Americans
• River Parishes and Greater New Orleans Creoles
• Roanoke Valley African Americans
• Robertson County African Americans
• Rusk County African Americans
• Russell County African Americans
• Savannah River Basin African Americans
• Severn River Basin African Americans
• Simpson County African Americans
• South Carolina Lowcountry Gullah
• South Carolina Piedmont African Americans
• Southern Alabama River Basin African Americans
• Southern Alabama Wiregrass Region African Americans
• Southern Black Belt African Americans
• Southern Lowcountry Gullah
• Southern Mississippi Pines African Americans
• Southern Ohio African Americans
• Southern Plains African Americans
• St. Martin Parish Creoles
• St. Mary's Peninsula African Americans
• Tallapoosa River Basin African Americans
• Texas Pine Belt African Americans
• Treutlen County African Americans
• Upper Cape Fear African Americans
• Upper Pea River Basin African Americans
• Upshur County African Americans
• Vance County African Americans
• Vermilion Parish Creoles
• Virginia and Upper Ohio River Valley African Americans
• Virginia Central Piedmont African Americans
• Virginia Peninsula African Americans
• Virginia Piedmont African Americans
• Virginia Tidewater African Americans
• Walthall County African Americans
• Warren County African Americans
• Washington County African Americans
• Wateree River Basin African Americans
• Wilkes County African Americans
• Williamsburg County African Americans
• Winston County African Americans
• Yadkin-Pee Dee Basin African Americans
• Yalobusha County African Americans
• Yazoo River Basin African Americans

Caribbean

The Caribbean population has the following Country Matches:

• Aruba
• Cuba
• Dominican Republic
• Puerto Rico
• Jamaica
• Haiti
• Bahamas
• Trinidad & Tobago
• St. Vincent & the Grenadines
• Antigua & Barbuda
• Barbados
• Grenada
• Martinique
• Dominica
• St. Lucia

Indigenous Caribbean

The Indigenous Caribbean population has the following Genetic Groups:

• Cuba (Indigenous)
• Dominican Republic (Indigenous)
• Lokono-Arawak of the Guianas
• Puerto Rico (Indigenous)
• Southern Caribbean (Indigenous)

European Diaspora

The European Diaspora population has the following Genetic Groups:

• Appomattox River Basin Early British/Irish Americans
• Arkansas County Early British/Irish Americans
• Arkansas River Valley Early British/Irish Americans
• Aroostook County Early British/Irish Americans
• Attala County Early British/Irish Americans
• Beauregard Parish Early British/Irish Americans
• Big Sandy River Basin Early British/Irish Americans
• Black Warrior River Basin Early British/Irish Americans
• Bluegrass Region Early British/Irish Americans
• Bluffton Till Plain Early British/Irish Americans
• Boonville Hills Early British/Irish Americans
• Boston Mountains Early British/Irish Americans
• Bradley County Early British/Irish Americans
• Breathitt County Early British/Irish Americans
• Broadneck Peninsula Early British/Irish Americans
• Cabell County Early British/Irish Americans
• Cache County Early British/Irish Americans
• Calcasieu Parish Early British/Irish Americans
• Carter County Early British/Irish Americans
• Cassia County Early British/Irish Americans
• Central Delmarva Peninsula Early British/Irish Americans
• Central Savannah River Basin Early British/Irish Americans
• Chesapeake Bay Early British/Irish Americans
• Chilton County Early British/Irish Americans
• Chipola River Basin Early British/Irish Americans
• Clark County Early British/Irish Americans
• Clarke County Early British/Irish Americans
• Cleburne County Early British/Irish Americans
• Clinch River Basin Melungeons
• Coastal Georgia Early British/Irish Americans
• Columbia County Early British/Irish Americans
• Conecuh River Basin Early British/Irish Americans
• Connecticut River Valley Early British/Irish Americans
• Coosawattee River Basin Early British/Irish Americans
• Covington County Early British/Irish Americans
• Crawford County Early British/Irish Americans
• Crawford Upland Early British/Irish Americans
• Crowley's Ridge Early British/Irish Americans
• Cumberland County Early British/Irish Americans
• Cumberland Mountains Early British/Irish Americans
• Deep River Basin Early British/Irish Americans
• Delaware Bay Early British/Irish Americans
• DeSoto County Early British/Irish Americans
• Dorchester County Early British/Irish Americans
• Downeast Maine Early British/Irish Americans
• Early British/Irish Americans from Avoyelles and Evangeline Parishes
• Early British/Irish Americans from Banks and Clarke Counties
• Early British/Irish Americans from Bedford and Amelia Counties
• Early British/Irish Americans from Bienville and Red River Parishes
• Early British/Irish Americans from Blount and Jefferson Counties
• Early British/Irish Americans from Boone and Callaway Counties
• Early British/Irish Americans from Calhoun and Cleburne Counties
• Early British/Irish Americans from Calhoun and Dallas Counties
• Early British/Irish Americans from Calhoun, Pontotoc and Chickasaw Counties
• Early British/Irish Americans from Cambria and Blair Counties
• Early British/Irish Americans from Cannon and Rutherford Counties
• Early British/Irish Americans from Cape Girardeau and Sikeston
• Early British/Irish Americans from Carroll and Pulaski Counties
• Early British/Irish Americans from Catahoula and La Salle Parishes
• Early British/Irish Americans from Clay and Talladega Counties
• Early British/Irish Americans from Clearfield and Clarion Counties
• Early British/Irish Americans from Coweta and Heard Counties
• Early British/Irish Americans from Crawford and Pulaski Counties
• Early British/Irish Americans from Cumberland and Bledsoe Counties
• Early British/Irish Americans from Dickenson and Buchanan Counties
• Early British/Irish Americans from Estill, Jackson and Madison Counties
• Early British/Irish Americans from Florence and Williamsburg Counties
• Early British/Irish Americans from Franklin and Botetourt Counties
• Early British/Irish Americans from Garland and Perry Counties
• Early British/Irish Americans from Greenbrier
• Early British/Irish Americans from Greene and Taney Counties
• Early British/Irish Americans from Greene and Wayne Counties
• Early British/Irish Americans from Hancock and Knox Counties
• Early British/Irish Americans from Harlan and Bell Counties
• Early British/Irish Americans from Hickman and Williamson Counties
• Early British/Irish Americans from Hot Spring and Ouachita Counties
• Early British/Irish Americans from Indiana and Armstrong Counties
• Early British/Irish Americans from Jackson and Washington Counties
• Early British/Irish Americans from Jasper and Scott Counties
• Early British/Irish Americans from Jefferson and Knox Counties
• Early British/Irish Americans from Johnson and Treutlen Counties
• Early British/Irish Americans from Johnston and Harnett Counties
• Early British/Irish Americans from Letcher and Knott Counties
• Early British/Irish Americans from Lincoln and Marshall Counties
• Early British/Irish Americans from Luxora
• Early British/Irish Americans from Madison and Hillsborough Counties
• Early British/Irish Americans from Marion and Lamar Counties
• Early British/Irish Americans from Marion and Walthall Counties
• Early British/Irish Americans from Middle and Northern Neck Peninsulas
• Early British/Irish Americans from Milford, Milton and Ellendale
• Early British/Irish Americans from Mingo and Logan Counties
• Early British/Irish Americans from Monroe and Blount Counties
• Early British/Irish Americans from Morgan and Benton Counties
• Early British/Irish Americans from Morgan and Cullman Counties
• Early British/Irish Americans from Morgan and Muskingum Counties
• Early British/Irish Americans from Nash and Wilson Counties
• Early British/Irish Americans from Neshoba and Kemper Counties
• Early British/Irish Americans from Nevada and Hempstead Counties
• Early British/Irish Americans from Nicholas and Clay Counties
• Early British/Irish Americans from Patrick and Henry Counties
• Early British/Irish Americans from Perry and Lewis Counties
• Early British/Irish Americans from Pike and Martin Counties
• Early British/Irish Americans from Piscataquis and Kennebec Counties
• Early British/Irish Americans from Potosi, De Soto and Festus
• Early British/Irish Americans from Putnam and Morgan Counties
• Early British/Irish Americans from Raleigh and Boone Counties
• Early British/Irish Americans from Randolph and Wayne Counties
• Early British/Irish Americans from Roane and Loudon Counties
• Early British/Irish Americans from Ross and Highland Counties
• Early British/Irish Americans from Rush and Madison Counties
• Early British/Irish Americans from Scott and Campbell Counties
• Early British/Irish Americans from Searcy and Baxter Counties
• Early British/Irish Americans from Shelby and St. Clair Counties
• Early British/Irish Americans from Smith and Wilson Counties
• Early British/Irish Americans from Summers and Mercer Counties
• Early British/Irish Americans from Suwannee and Lafayette Counties
• Early British/Irish Americans from the Tennessee Appalachian Mountains
• Early British/Irish Americans from the Virginia Appalachian Mountains
• Early British/Irish Americans from Union and Ouachita Parishes
• Early British/Irish Americans from Walker and Fayette Counties
• Early British/Irish Americans from Warren and Van Buren Counties
• Early British/Irish Americans from Washington and Bay Counties
• Early British/Irish Americans from Washington and Dent Counties
• Early British/Irish Americans from Washington and St. Tammany Parishes
• Early British/Irish Americans from Wayne, Lawrence and Hardin Counties
• Early British/Irish Americans from Whitfield and Catoosa Counties
• Early British/Irish Americans from Wynne
• East High Country Early British/Irish Americans
• Eastern Alabama Tennessee River Valley Early British/Irish Americans
• Eastern Great Basin Early British/Irish Americans
• Eel River Early British/Irish Americans
• Escambia River Basin Early British/Irish Americans
• Etowah County Early British/Irish Americans
• Florida Panhandle Early British/Irish Americans
• Floyd County Early British/Irish Americans
• Forsyth County Early British/Irish Americans
• Franklin County Early British/Irish Americans
• Garfield County Early British/Irish Americans
• Georgia Blue Ridge Mountains Early British/Irish Americans
• Georgia Piedmont Early British/Irish Americans
• Georgia Wiregrass Region Early British/Irish Americans
• Grant County Early British/Irish Americans
• Grayson Highlands Early British/Irish Americans
• Great Smoky Mountains Early British/Irish Americans
• Greater Atlanta Early British/Irish Americans
• Green Mountains Early British/Irish Americans
• Halifax County Early British/Irish Americans
• Hamilton County Early British/Irish Americans
• Hatfield-McCoy Mountains Early British/Irish Americans
• Hocking River Basin Early British/Irish Americans
• Homochitto River Basin Early British/Irish Americans
• Hudson Valley Early British/Irish Americans
• Independence County Early British/Irish Americans
• Izard County Early British/Irish Americans
• Jackson County Early British/Irish Americans
• James River Basin Early British/Irish Americans
• Johnson County Early British/Irish Americans
• Jones County Early British/Irish Americans
• Kanab Creek Early British/Irish Americans
• Kennebec Valley Early British/Irish Americans
• Knobstone Escarpment Early British/Irish Americans
• Knox County Early British/Irish Americans
• Kyova Early British/Irish Americans
• Lake Cumberland Early British/Irish Americans
• Laurel Highlands Early British/Irish Americans
• Lawrence County Early British/Irish Americans
• Levy County Early British/Irish Americans
• Lincoln County Early British/Irish Americans
• Little Missouri River Basin Early British/Irish Americans
• Little Sandy River Basin Early British/Irish Americans
• Louisiana Capital Region Early British/Irish Americans
• Lowcountry Early British/Irish Americans
• Lower Allegheny River Basin Early British/Irish Americans
• Lower Cumberland River Basin Early British/Irish Americans
• Lower Delaware River Basin Early British/Irish Americans
• Lower Flint River Basin Early British/Irish Americans
• Lower Ohio River Basin Early British/Irish Americans
• Lower Osage River Basin Early British/Irish Americans
• Lower Ouachita River Early British/Irish Americans
• Lower Pee Dee River Basin Early British/Irish Americans
• Lower St. Johns River Basin Early British/Irish Americans
• Lower Tennessee River Basin Early British/Irish Americans
• Lumber River Basin Early British/Irish Americans
• Magnolia Midlands Early British/Irish Americans
• Magoffin County Early British/Irish Americans
• Maine Highlands Early British/Irish Americans
• Maine Lakes and Mountains Early British/Irish Americans
• Maine Midcoast Early British/Irish Americans
• Martin County Early British/Irish Americans
• Massachusetts Bay Early British/Irish Americans
• Middle and West Tennessee Early British/Irish Americans
• Middle Fork Kentucky River Basin Early British/Irish Americans
• Mississippi Golden Triangle Early British/Irish Americans
• Mobile Bay Early British/Irish Americans
• Mountaineer Country Early British/Irish Americans
• Neuse River Basin Early British/Irish Americans
• New River Valley Early British/Irish Americans
• Newton County Early British/Irish Americans
• Niangua River Basin Early British/Irish Americans
• North Carolina Mountains Early British/Irish Americans
• North Carolina Piedmont Early British/Irish Americans
• North Mississippi Early British/Irish Americans
• Northern Appalachian Early British/Irish Americans
• Northern Delmarva Peninsula Early British/Irish Americans
• Northern Jersey Shore Early British/Irish Americans
• Obey River Basin Early British/Irish Americans
• Ocmulgee River Basin Early British/Irish Americans
• Ogeechee River Basin Early British/Irish Americans
• Oneida County Early British/Irish Americans
• Ouachita Mountains Early British/Irish Americans
• Pamlico Sound Early British/Irish Americans
• Parowan Valley Early British/Irish Americans
• Pennyroyal Plateau Early British/Irish Americans
• Petit Jean River Basin Early British/Irish Americans
• Pittsylvania County Early British/Irish Americans
• Polk County Early British/Irish Americans
• Purchase Region Early British/Irish Americans
• Putnam County Early British/Irish Americans
• Randolph County Early British/Irish Americans
• Reynolds County Early British/Irish Americans
• Rhode Island Early British/Irish Americans
• Russell County Early British/Irish Americans
• Sabine Parish Early British/Irish Americans
• Salem Plateau Early British/Irish Americans
• Saline County Early British/Irish Americans
• Saline River Basin Early British/Irish Americans
• Salt Lake Valley and Uinta Mountains Early British/Irish Americans
• Sequatchie River Basin Early British/Irish Americans
• Sevier Desert Early British/Irish Americans
• Sevier Plateau Early British/Irish Americans
• Shannon County Early British/Irish Americans
• Sharp County Early British/Irish Americans
• Shawnee Hills Early British/Irish Americans
• Shenandoah Valley Early British/Irish Americans
• Smith County Early British/Irish Americans
• Somerset County Early British/Irish Americans
• South Carolina Sandhills Early British/Irish Americans
• Southeast Arkansas Early British/Irish Americans
• Southern Alabama Wiregrass Region Early British/Irish Americans
• Southern Cumberland Plateau Early British/Irish Americans
• Southern Delaware Early British/Irish Americans
• Southern Delmarva Peninsula Early British/Irish Americans
• Southern Illinois Early British/Irish Americans
• Southwest Georgia British/Irish Americans
• Southwest Mississippi Early British/Irish Americans
• Southwest Ohio Early British/Irish Americans
• Southwestern Utah Early Early British/Irish Americans
• St. Francois County Early British/Irish Americans
• Sussex County Early British/Irish Americans
• Talbot County Early British/Irish Americans
• Tallapoosa River Basin Early British/Irish Americans
• Tar River Basin Early British/Irish Americans
• Tensas River Basin Early British/Irish Americans
• Tidal Potomac River Early British/Irish Americans
• Tuscarawas River Basin Early British/Irish Americans
• Union County Early British/Irish Americans
• Upper Clinch River Basin Early British/Irish Americans
• Upper Cumberland River Basin Early British/Irish Americans
• Upper Flint River Basin Early British/Irish Americans
• Upper Ohio River Basin Early British/Irish Americans
• Upper Pearl River Basin Early British/Irish Americans
• Upper Savannah River Basin Early British/Irish Americans
• Upper St. Francis River Basin Early British/Irish Americans
• Upstate South Carolina Early British/Irish Americans
• Van Buren County Early British/Irish Americans
• Venango County Early British/Irish Americans
• Wasatch Back Early British/Irish Americans
• Wasatch Front Early British/Irish Americans
• Wasatch North Early British/Irish Americans
• Washington County Early British/Irish Americans
• Wayne County Early British/Irish Americans
• Weakley County Early British/Irish Americans
• West High Country Early British/Irish Americans
• West Tennessee Early British/Irish Americans
• Western Alabama Tennessee River Valley Early British/Irish Americans
• Wicomico County Early British/Irish Americans
• Wolf River Basin Early British/Irish Americans
• Wolfe County Early British/Irish Americans
• Worcester County Early British/Irish Americans
• Wyoming County Early British/Irish Americans
• Yadkin River Basin Early British/Irish Americans
• York County Early British/Irish Americans
• Mayflower Descendants
• Virginia Colonial Americans
• St. Mary's Descendants in Maryland and Kentucky
• Northern Georgia and Alabama Colonial Americans
• Coastal South Carolina Colonial Americans
• Coastal Georgia Colonial Americans
• Southern Mississippi and Alabama Colonial Americans
• Coastal North Carolina Colonial Americans
• North Carolina Piedmont Colonial Americans
• Northern Alabama Colonial Americans
• North Carolina Mountains Colonial Americans
• Western South Carolina Colonial Americans
• Blue Ridge Mountains Colonial Americans
• Central Appalachian Mountains Colonial Americans
• Central Alabama and Georgia Colonial Americans
• Southern Coastal Plain Colonial Americans
• New England Colonial Americans
• Northeast Colonial Americans
• French Canadian
• Acadia
• Annapolis Valley Early British/Irish Canadians
• Atlantic Canada Early British/Irish Canadians
• Bonavista Bay Early British/Irish Canadians
• Bras d'Or Lake Early British/Irish Canadians
• Cape Breton County Early British/Irish Canadians
• Eastern Conception Bay Early British/Irish Canadians
• Eastern Northumberland Strait Early British/Irish Canadians
• Eastern Prince Edward Island Early British/Irish Canadians
• Georgian Bay and North Channel Early British/Irish Canadians
• Halifax Region Early British/Irish Canadians
• Inverness County Early British/Irish Canadians
• Kawartha Lakes Region Early British/Irish Canadians
• Lake Erie Early British/Irish Canadians
• Lake Huron Early British/Irish Canadians
• Lake Ontario Early British/Irish Canadians
• Lake Simcoe Early British/Irish Canadians
• Lake St. Clair Early British/Irish Canadians
• Long Range Mountains Early British/Irish Canadians
• Lower Ottawa River Basin Early British/Irish Canadians
• Manitoulin Island Early British/Irish Canadians
• Maritime Provinces Early British/Irish Canadians
• Miramichi Bay Early British/Irish Canadians
• Mississippi-Rideau River Basin Early British/Irish Canadians
• New Brunswick Early British/Irish Canadians
• Newfoundland South Coast Early British/Irish Canadians
• North Shore Early British/Irish Canadians
• Northeastern Lake Erie Early British/Irish Canadians
• Northeastern Lake Ontario Early British/Irish Canadians
• Northern Avalon Peninsula Early British/Irish Canadians
• Notre Dame Bay Early British/Irish Canadians
• Nottawasaga Bay Early British/Irish Canadians
• Nova Scotia Peninsula Early British/Irish Canadians
• Prince Edward Island Early British/Irish Canadians
• Saint John and the Fundy Shore Early British/Irish Canadians
• Saint John River Valley Early British/Irish Canadians
• Southeast Region Early British/Irish Canadians
• Southern Avalon Peninsula Early British/Irish Canadians
• Southern Nova Scotia Early British/Irish Canadians
• Southwest Miramichi River Valley Early British/Irish Canadians
• St. Georges Bay Early British/Irish Canadians
• St. Lawrence River Basin Early British/Irish Canadians
• Trinity Bay Early British/Irish Canadians
• Western Conception Bay Early British/Irish Canadians
• Western Prince Edward Island Early British/Irish Canadians
• Greater Montreal Early French Canadians
• Greater Quebec City Early French Canadians
• Notre Dame Mountains Early French Canadians
• Saguenay-St. Lawrence River Basin Early French Canadians
• Cajun
• Pennsylvania Dutch
• Great Plains Early German Americans
• Lower Missouri River Basin Early German Americans
• Lower Ohio River Basin Early German Americans
• North Central Appalachians and Ohio Valley Early German Americans
• Southeastern Early German Americans
• Southern Great Lakes Early German Americans
• Upper Midwest Early German Americans
• Upper Mississippi River Basin Early German Americans
• Upper Missouri River Basin Early German Americans
• Wisconsin River Basin Early German Americans
• Acadiana Cajuns
• Adams County Early German Americans
• Allen County Early German Americans
• Aroostook County Acadians
• Auglaize County Early German Americans
• Benton County Early German Americans
• Berks County Pennsylvania Dutch
• Blue Water Area Early German Americans
• Boyer River Basin Early German Americans
• Bremer County Early German Americans
• Brown County Early Germanic Americans
• Butler County Early German Americans
• Cajuns from Assumption and Ascension Parishes
• Cajuns from St. Landry and Acadia Parishes
• Cajuns from St. Martin and Iberia Parishes
• Carroll County Early German Americans
• Carver County Early German Americans
• Central Allegheny Mountains Early German Americans
• Central New York Early Germanic Americans
• Central Ridge and Valley Appalachians Early German Americans
• Central Susquehanna River Basin Pennsylvania Dutch
• Champaign County Early German Americans
• Chickasaw County Early German Americans
• Clarion County Early German Americans
• Clayton County Early German Americans
• Clinton County Early German Americans
• Comal County Early German Americans
• Cooke County Early German Americans
• Cumberland Valley Pennsylvania Dutch
• Dakota County Early German Americans
• Delaware County Early German Americans
• Deleware Valley Pennsylvania Dutch
• Des Moines River Basin Early Dutch Americans
• Dubuque County Early Germanic Americans
• Early Belgian Americans from Door and Kewaunee Counties
• Early Dutch Americans from Sheboygan and Racine Counties
• Early German Americans Dyersville
• Early German Americans from Bollinger and Cape Girardeau Counties
• Early German Americans from Breda
• Early German Americans from Brown and Nicollet Counties
• Early German Americans from Carroll and Baltimore Counties
• Early German Americans from Carroll and Iowa Counties
• Early German Americans from Chippewa and Pepin Counties
• Early German Americans from Dane and Sauk Counties
• Early German Americans from Dodge
• Early German Americans from Dubois, Perry and Spencer Counties
• Early German Americans from Fond du Lac and Calumet Counties
• Early German Americans from Frederick and Howard Counties
• Early German Americans from Hancock and Hardin Counties
• Early German Americans from Harrison and Floyd Counties
• Early German Americans from Henry and Defiance Counties
• Early German Americans from Holmes and Geauga Counties
• Early German Americans from Linn and Jones Counties
• Early German Americans from Loudonville
• Early German Americans from Marathon and Shawano Counties
• Early German Americans from Mercer and Hamilton Counties
• Early German Americans from Miami and Cass Counties
• Early German Americans from Moniteau and Cooper Counties
• Early German Americans from Monroe and Perry Counties
• Early German Americans from Morton and Stark Counties
• Early German Americans from Noble and Washington Counties
• Early German Americans from Plymouth and Kossuth Counties
• Early German Americans from Portage and Lorain Counties
• Early German Americans from Posey, Vanderburgh and Warrick Counties
• Early German Americans from Quincy
• Early German Americans from Ripley, Franklin and Decatur Counties
• Early German Americans from Seneca and Huron Counties
• Early German Americans from St. Charles and Lincoln Counties
• Early German Americans from St. Clair and Hamilton Counties
• Early German Americans from Ste. Genevieve and St. Francois Counties
• Early German Americans from the St. Joseph and St. Marys River Basins
• Early German Americans from Warren and Adair Counties
• Early German Americans from Washington and Kenosha Counties
• Early German Americans from Wood and Winnebago Counties
• Early German Americans from Wright and Hennepin Counties
• Early Germanic Americans from New York City
• Early Germanic Americans from Schoharie and Ulster Counties
• Early Germanic Americans from the Catskills
• Eastern Lake Michigan Early Dutch Americans
• Eastern Nebraska Early German Americans
• Eastern Wisconsin Early German Americans
• Eel River Basin Early German Americans
• Effingham County Early German Americans
• Elkhart County Early German Americans
• Emmons County Early German Americans
• Franklin County Early German Americans
• Frederick County Early German Americans
• Gillespie County Early German Americans
• Grand River Basin Early German Americans
• Grant County Early German Americans
• Greater Dubuque Early German Americans
• Green County Early Germanic Americans
• Happy Valley Pennsylvania Dutch
• Hocking River Basin Early German Americans
• Hudson Valley Early German Americans
• Huntington County Early German Americans
• Jackson County Early German Americans
• Jefferson County Early German Americans
• Kendall County Early Germanic Americans
• Keokuk County Early German Americans
• Lancaster County Pennsylvania Dutch
• Laurel Highlands Pennsylvania Dutch
• Lebanon County Pennsylvania Dutch
• Lee County Early German Americans
• Lehigh Valley Pennsylvania Dutch
• Logan County Early German Americans
• Lower Missouri River Valley Early German Americans
• Lower Osage River Basin Early German Americans
• Lower Susquehanna River Basin Pennsylvania Dutch
• Madison County Early German Americans
• Manitowoc County Early German Americans
• Marshall County Early German Americans
• Medina County Alsatian Americans
• Mississinewa River Basin Early German Americans
• Missouri Coteau Early German Americans
• Morrison County Early German Americans
• Mountaineer Country Early German Americans
• Northern Allegheny Mountains Pennsylvania Dutch
• Northern Shenandoah Valley Early German Americans
• Northumberland County Pennsylvania Dutch
• Orangeburg County Early Germanic Americans
• Outagamie County Early Dutch Americans
• Ozaukee County Early Germanic Americans
• Patapsco River Basin Early German Americans
• Pennsylvania Dutch from Clearfield and Centre Counties
• Pennsylvania Dutch from York and Adams Counties
• Perry County Early German Americans
• Platte River Basin Early German Americans
• Putnam County Early German Americans
• Richland County Early German Americans
• Rocky River Basin Basin Early German Americans
• Sandusky County Early German Americans
• Sandusky River Basin Early German Americans
• Sauk River Basin Early German Americans
• Scott County Early German Americans
• Shelby County Early German Americans
• Smoky Hill River Basin Early German Americans
• South Central Kansas Early German Americans
• South Fork Catawba River Basin Early German Americans
• South Mountain Early German Americans
• Southeast Minnesota Early German Americans
• Southern Shenandoah Valley Early German Americans
• St. Louis County Early German Americans
• St. Mary Parish Cajuns
• Stearns County Early German Americans
• Stillwater River Basin Early German Americans
• Turkey River Basin Early German Americans
• Upper Delaware River Basin Early Germanic Americans
• Upper Ohio River Basin Early German Americans
• Upper Potomac River Basin Early German Americans
• Vermilion Parish Cajuns
• Washington County Early French Americans
• Washington County Early German Americans
• Washington County Early German Americans
• Wayne County Early German Americans
• Westmoreland County Early German Americans
• Woodbury County Early German Americans
• Yadkin River Basin Early German Americans
• Big Blue River Basin Early Czech Americans
• Big Blue River Basin Mennonites
• Burleson County Early Czech Americans
• Bushveld European South Africans
• Canadian Doukhobors
• Central Great Plains Mennonites
• Central Minnesota Early Finnish Americans
• Early Czech Americans from Kewaunee and Manitowoc Counties
• Early Czech Americans from Wharton and Fort Bend Counties
• Early Polish Americans from Robertson and Harris Counties
• Eastern Cape European South Africans
• Ellis County Early Czech Americans
• Flint River Basin Early Polish Americans
• Greater Milwaukee Early Polish Americans
• Greater Winnipeg Mennonites
• Highveld European South Africans
• Houghton County Early Finnish Americans
• Huron County Early Polish Americans
• Indiana Amish
• Iron County Early Finnish Americans
• Kashubian Canadians
• Keweenaw Bay Early Finnish Americans
• Lake Leelanau Early Polish Americans
• Lancaster County Amish
• Lavaca County Early Czech Americans
• Lavaca River Basin Early Czech Americans
• Lower Delaware River Basin Mennonites
• Lower Missouri River Basin Mennonites
• Lower Platte River Basin Early Polish Americans
• Lower Susquehanna River Basin Mennonites
• Marathon County Early Polish Americans
• Mennonites from the Red and Seine River Basins
• Navidad River Basin Early Czech Americans
• Nebraska Till Plains Early Czech Americans
• Northeastern Michigan Early Polish Americans
• Northern Ohio Mennonites
• Pembina Valley Mennonites
• Peshtigo River Basin Early Polish Americans
• Pinnebog River Basin Early Polish Americans
• Portage County Early Polish Americans
• Saginaw Bay and Lake St. Clair Early Polish Americans
• San Antonio River Basin Early Polish Americans
• San Gabriel River Basin Early Czech Americans
• Schuylkill River Basin Mennonites
• Shawano County Early German Americans
• Shenandoah Valley Mennonites
• Somerset County Amish
• Southern Great Lakes Mennonites
• Southern Ontario Mennonites
• The Prairies and Great Plains Mennonites
• Upper Mississippi River Basin Early Polish Americans
• Upper Peninsula and Iron Range Early Finnish Americans
• Vaal River Basin European South Africans
• Wends of Texas
• West Michigan Early Polish Americans
• Western Cape European South Africans
• Williamson County Early Czech Americans
• Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha

Mexico & Central America

The Mexico & Central America population has the following Country Matches:

• Belize
• Costa Rica
• El Salvador
• Guatemala
• Honduras
• Mexico
• Nicaragua
• Panama

Sephardic and Mizrahi Jews

The Sephardic and Mizrahi Jews population has the following Genetic Groups:

• Adeni Jews
• Bene Israel
• Bukharan Jews
• Caucasus Jews
• Central North African Jews
• European Sephardic Jews
• Georgian Jews
• Iraqi Jews
• Persian Jews and Kurdish Jews
• Syrian Jews
• Western North African Jews
• Northeast Mexican Sephardic Jews
• Latin American Sephardic Jews
• Beta Israel

South America

The South America population has the following Country Matches:

• Argentina
• Bolivia
• Brazil
• Chile
• Colombia
• Ecuador
• Guyana
• Paraguay
• Peru
• Uruguay
• Venezuela

Unassigned

You may also see a percentage of your DNA is listed as “Unassigned.” There are two reasons why a piece of DNA might be labeled as Unassigned:

• The piece of DNA matches many different populations from around the world.
• The piece of DNA does not match any of the reference populations very well.

There is a wide range of human diversity out there, and sometimes our algorithm can't pinpoint a region of your DNA to a specific population. Bear with us as our data and resources continue to expand. We expect the amount of unassigned ancestry our customers see to decrease.

Common Questions

I know I have Indigenous (Native) American ancestry. Why doesn't it show up in my results?

We are confident in the accuracy of your results and the science behind them. But 23andMe is a genetic testing service, which means we can only show you what is found in your DNA. If your Indigenous American heritage cannot be seen through your DNA, that doesn't mean that your understanding of your family heritage as passed down through the generations is incorrect, only that your genetic heritage does not reveal Indigenous American ancestry.

There are a few common reasons why you may not see the Indigenous American population in your Ancestry Composition results:

• If your most recent Indigenous American ancestor was more than five generations ago, you may have inherited little or no DNA directly from your Indigenous American ancestors. The farther back in your history you look, the less likely you are to have inherited DNA directly from every single one of your ancestors. This means that you can be directly descended from a Indigenous American without having any Indigenous American DNA.
• Throughout American history, people without a genetically Indigenous American background have claimed Indigenous American heritage for a variety of social reasons related to the shifting politics of race and indigeneity in the United States. As a result, many families without any genetically Indigenous American ancestors have passed down stories about Indigenous American ancestry. For examples, see this article or the book, Becoming Indian: The Struggle over Cherokee Identity in the Twenty-first Century, by Circe Strum.

Why isn't an expected ancestry included in my composition?

There are a few common reasons why your Ancestry Composition might not match what you expect based on historical records or family stories:

• Some genetic populations are especially difficult to tell apart because they share common history.
• Ancestry Composition populations are defined by genetically similar groups of people, not by the political borders of countries.
• The time scale reflected by Ancestry Composition may be different from the time scale of your records.

What are Country Matches?

There are over 150 possible Country Matches in the Ancestry Composition Report. These regions provide information about the countries where your ancestors may have lived on a more recent time scale than your ancestry percentages. Learn more about your Country Matches and Genetic Groups.

To learn more, visit our Understanding Your Ancestry Composition Results article.